Small-Toothed Three-Striped Palm Civets (Arctogalidia trivirgata): Non-Ringtails of Southern Asia

Wildlife-lovers generally expect civets to have:

• Spotted bodies;
• Striped tails;
• Strong body odor.

They therefore find small-toothed three-striped palm civets predictable and surprising. Small-toothed three-striped palm civets go through their life cycles and natural histories most inconspicuously. Their bodies have only the subtlest spotting. Striping is limited to three longitudinal lines which run mid-dorsally from shoulders to rump. Their super-long tails lack bands, rings or stripes. Female small-toothed three-striped palm civets alone leave behind fleeting scents. They make musk in diminutive, females-only scent glands. Other civet species typically release musk to:

• Mark territory;
• Share information;
• Stink-bomb predatory mammals, raptors, and reptiles.

But female small-toothed three-striped palm civets only use musk to announce the opening of breeding seasons.

Two sets of names aid in identifying and understanding the world’s known wildlife. One set belongs within popular parlance as the common, trivial, or vernacular name even though scientific influences sometimes prevail. Another set comes from scientific consensus as the binomial (“two-name”), Latin, or taxonomic name. Common terminology describes the opportunistic carnivore in question as the small-toothed three-striped palm civet for:

• Baring a frugivore’s (“fruit-eater”) small teeth;
• Bearing three mid-dorsal stripes;
• Braving heights for palm tree fruits, juices, and toddies.

Scientific wording differs on two emphases and overlaps on a third. The genus name Arctogalidia focuses upon mammalian parallels by joining ancient Greek words:

• ἄρκτος (arktos, “bear”);
• Γαλιθιάς (galidias, “little weasel”).  

The species name trivirgata means “three-striped.”

The scientific community’s formal acquaintance with small-toothed three-striped palm civets dates back to 1831. It deals with the official taxonomic identification by Walsall-born West Midlander John Edward Gray (February 12, 1800 – March 7, 1875), as:

• London medical student;
• London’s British Museum taxonomist as insect-collecting volunteer, 1815-, reptile collection cataloguer, 1824-, and zoology keeper, 1840 - 1874;
• London’s British Museum writer of 1,000+ scientific papers, 1821-;
• Second husband of Maria Emma Smith (1787 – December 9, 1876), Greenwich Hospital-born algologist, conchologist, and natural history illustrator, 1826-.

The Gray taxonomy draws upon a specimen from the Reinwardt collections gathered in the Indo-Australian Archipelago during 1821 and stored in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (“National Museum of Natural History”), Leiden, Netherlands.

Bio-geographies differentiate subspecies. They may be endemic to:

• Borneo:

Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmaticus per Temminck, 1853;

• India:

A.t. millsi (Nagaland) per Wroughton, 1921;

• Indonesia:

A.t. inornata (Bunguran) per Miller, 1901;

A.t. minor (Belitung) per Lyon, 1906;

A.t. simplex (Lingga) per Miller, 1902;

A.t. sumatrana (Sumatra), tingia (Tebing Tinggi) per Lyon, 1908;

A.t. trilineata (Java) per Wagner, 1841;

• Malaysia:

A.t. bancana (Peninsula) per Schwarz, 1913.

Or they may not:

• A.t. macra (Langkawi [Malaysia], Letsok-aw [Myanmar], Tarutao [Thailand]) per Miller, 1913;
• A.t. fusca (Kundur, Merbau, Sugi Islands, Indonesia), major (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam) per Miller, 1906;
• A.t. leucotis (Assam, Kadan Kyun [Myanmar], Thailand) per Horsfield, 1851;
• A.t. trivirgata (Malaysian Borneo, Peninsula), encompassing Miller’s (1913) bicolor (Kalimantan), depressa (Bintan), mima (Batam).

The bio-geographical distributions and ranges of small-toothed three-striped palm civets center upon:

• Close-canopied, dense, evergreen, primary-growth, tall rainforests;
• Remote altitudes up to 3,937.01+ feet (1,200+ meters) above sea level.

But they also find sustainable niches within such habitats as:

• Disturbed forests experiencing active logging and extensive clear-cutting for coconut plantation agriculture;
• Elevations up to 4,757.22 feet (1,450 meters) above sea level;
• Lowland mature coniferous or semi-evergreen forests surrounded by disturbed secondary-growth scrub forests;
• Mixed coniferous forests.

Small-toothed three-striped palm civets essentially need the above-mentioned sylvan habitats to:

• Cluster in large fruiting fig trees (Ficus spp);
• Den in tree forks and hollows and on tree branches;
• Forage nightly for frogs, fruits, insects, lizards, nesting birds, and small mammals.

Small-toothed three-striped palm civets attain 10+-year lifespans. After 45-day gestations, females bi-annually deliver 3 beige-furred offspring. Newborns hear and see in 11 days. They ingest solid-food diets 2 months after birth. Physical and sexual maturity involves:

• Beige, brown-grey, red-brown heads;
• Big, dark-adapted, rounded eyes;
• Brown muzzles;
• Dusk-brown to grey-black ears, feet, and tails;
• Red-brown under-pelage;
• Tawny-buff short flank fur;
• 3 black or black-brown, longitudinal, mid-dorsal stripes;
• White streaking, nose to forehead.

It realizes:

• Ear lengths of 1.10 – 1.65 inches (2.8 – 4.2 centimeters);
• Head-and-body lengths of 17.32 – 23.62 inches (44 – 60 centimeters);
• Hind-paw lengths of 2.91 – 3.15 inches (7.4 – 8 centimeters);
• Tail lengths of 18.90 – 25.99 inches (48 – 66 centimeters);
• Weights of 4.41 – 5.51 pounds (2 – 2.5 kilograms).

Predatory raptors endanger small-toothed three-striped palm civets less than predatory mammals and reptiles. Agro-industrialists, over-hunters, and reticulated pythons (Python reticulatus) leave:

• Declining, isolated, and stressed populations;
• Degraded, fragmented, and reduced habitats.

Against mammalian snare-trappers and reptilian squeezers, small-toothed three-striped palm civets need more than:

• 12 incisors, 4 canines, 16 premolars, and 8 molars;
• 20 curved, retractile, sharp claws.

Their bio-geographies pick up the slack by including:

• Bangladesh, China, and Singapore;
• Protected areas (Cambodia’s Keo Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area, Java’s Gunung Gede, Gunung Halimun, and Ujung Kulon National Parks, Malaysia’s and Thailand’s Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve, Malaysian Borneo’s Tawau Hills National Park, Vietnam’s Cát Tiên National Park).

Government-funded research and wildlife-lover activism likewise strengthen small-toothed three-striped palm civet sustainability.

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Pulau Panaitan, island in Sunda Strait between Sumatra and westernmost tip of Java (Java Head): Massew64, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_Palm_Point,_Panaitan_Island.JPG

Small-Toothed Three-Striped Palm Civets (Arctogalidia trivirgata)
Khao Yai National Park, Nakhon Ratchasima province, northeastern Thailand: tontantravel (Tontan Travel), CC BY SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Small-toothed_Palm_Civet,_Arctogalidia_trivirgata_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_(20757398043).jpg

John Edward Gray, describer of Small-Toothed Three-Striped Palm Civets (Arctogalidia trivirgata)
1855 albumen print portrait of John Edward Gray; photograph attributed to Maull & Polyblank: Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Edward_Gray._Photograph._Wellcome_V0027572.jpg

Distribution data from IUCN Red List: Chermundy/IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, species assessors and the authors of the spatial data, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Small-toothed_Palm_Cive_area.png

Popular park near downtown Yangon (Rangoon): Kandawgyi Lake: Hintha, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kandawgyi_Lake,_Yangon.jpg

Arctogalidia fusca, subspecies of Small-Toothed Three-Striped Palm Civet, has cuticles (hair shaft's outermost covering) with an imbricate (flattened) scale pattern.
The American Naturalist, vol. LIV, no. 635 (November-December 1920), Plate I Figure 1, p. 498: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43255418

Arctogalidia from Sarawak: A = left fore foot, digits fully extended; B = left hind foot, digits fully extended
R.I. Pocock, "On the Feet and Glands and other External Characters of the Paradoxurine Genera."
Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 1915, Part III Containing Pages 299 to 539 (September 1915), Figure 3, p. 391: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31547384

Rhinarium of Arctogalidia, seen from front (A) and above (B)
Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 1915, Part III Containing Pages 299 to 539 (September 1915), Figure 4, p. 396: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31547389

juvenile Asian Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)
Situgede, Bogor, Java: W. Djatmiko, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paradox_hermaph_060924_ltn.jpg

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