Cinnabar Red Chanterelles (Cantharellus cinnabarinus): Enjoyably Edible Wild Red Mushrooms

One day in mid-July as I was scurrying towards my car, my peripheral vision registered lusciously red twinklings amidst the greenery of my front yard. To my surprise, greatly appreciated guests, answering to the common name of red chanterelles, were homesteading in my front yard, equidistantly among the Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) and Virginia red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) to the south, honey locust sapling (Gleditsia triacanthos) and English yew (Taxus baccata) to the southeast, English yew (Taxus baccata), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), and box elder (Acer negundo) to the northeast, and two Eastern white pines (Pinus strobus) to the north.

Their appearance in my front yard likely is occasioned by massive nearby displacement of soil and vegetation as a developer uproots long-standing woody grasslands in this bucolic, rural county.

With their flamboyant coloring and petite size, red chanterelles are the red dwarfs of the mushroom universe. Considered to be one of the most beautiful New World mushrooms, red chanterelles are fragrant, flavorful delicacies that promise a feast of the senses.

Red chanterelles are also commonly known as cinnabar red chanterelles and cinnabar chanterelles. Their scientific name is Cantharellus cinnabarinus. The genus name, Cantharellus, and the common name, chanterelle, are derived from the Greek κάνθαρος (kantharos), which refers to a deep drinking cup with two handles arching above the cup's mouth. The species name, cinnabarinus, is a Latin descriptor, derived from the Greek word κινναβαρι (kinnabari), for the color of cinnabar red, also known as vermillion. The mineral cinnabar, which is a common ore of the metal mercury, displays a color range of bright scarlet to brick red.

As a mushroom, red chanterelles belong to the fungi kingdom, which is separate from the animal, bacteria, and plant kingdoms. Mushrooms are actually the fruit, which is produced aboveground by the organism. The organism's essence lives below the ground as the mycelium, a vast structure of hyphae (Greek: ὑϕή, huphe, "web"), which are long, branching filaments.

A New World native, this spectacular little mushroom is found in southern Canada and in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, primarily in the eastern and southern states.

Red chanterelles often appear in great numbers in the area of the Chesapeake Bay, in the old-growth Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) stands of Pennsylvania, and in the mixed conifer-hardwood forests of New England.

Red chanterelles take their first fruited bow in summer, around June or July, and linger into autumn, around September or October.

In the woods, red chanterelles usually peek out in exuberant multitudes from under leafy covered soil in proximity to hardwood forests, such as beeches (genus Fagus), birches (genus Betula) or oaks (genus Quercus), or mixed forests of hardwoods and conifers, that is, cone-bearing trees, such as hemlocks (genus Tsuga), pines (genus Pinus), and spruces (genus Picea). Their nearness to hardwoods expresses their mycorrhizal (Greek: μυκός, mykós, "fungus" + ρριζα, rriza, "roots") relationship with trees.

• In this mutually beneficial, or symbiotic, relationship, the cells of the mycelium ensheathe the tree's rootlets, thereby easing the tree's absorption of nutrients and water.
• In return, the tree transmits sugars, such as glucose and sucrose, as well as amino acids, to the mycelium.

Individuals occur singly in solitary scatterings or gregariously in loose groups.

Red chanterelles are considered to be small mushrooms. Their cap, botanically termed a pileus, measures about 1/2 to 2 inches (1 to 5 centimeters) across. With a length of 3/4 to 2 inches (2 to 5 centimeters) and a width of 1/8 to 3/8 inches (3 to 9 millimeters), their stalk, botanically termed a stipe, casts a slender silhouette.

The color of their cap is mirrored more or less uniformly in their stalk. Initially, both cap and stalk range vibrantly in color from cinnabar red or red orange. The redness, which fades with age, pales into pinkish orange or flamingo pink.

The characteristic red color of youthful red chanterelles derives from canthaxanthin, an organic pigment that also occurs naturally in the feathers of certain species of flamingoes (genus Phoenicopterus) and in crustaceans such as brine shrimp (genus Artemia). Unknown until the mid-twentieth century, canthaxanthin was isolated in red chanterelle specimens and identified by marine biologist Francis Theodore Haxo (March 9, 1921 - June 10, 2010) in 1950 while he was an assistant professor in the Biology Department at Baltimore's Johns Hopkins University.

• Canthaxanthin occupies the same family of carotenoid pigments as carotene, which is responsible for the orange color in carrots.
• Approved as a food additive by both the European Union and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), canthaxanthin is not approved by the FDA for tanning pills because of its side effects of liver and retinal damage.

In biology, a morph is a visual or behavioral difference in a member of a species. Sometimes yellow morphs of red chanterelles sprout as a homogeneous group. Or a morph may emerge in solitary distinction among the usual red color scheme of red chanterelles.

The shape of a red chanterelle's cap and stalk are likened to a funnel. Somewhat circular with wavy edges, the cap transforms vertically from the outwardly rounded convexity of youthful red chanterelles to more or less even flatness and finally at maturity to a depressed center that shapes the cap into a shallow vase. The cap's surface is smooth with wavy margins, or edges, which charmingly curl under. The stalk tapers downwards as a cylinder from the cap.

The underside of the cap has false gills that, unlike the structurally separate, knife-blade-like tissue plates of true gills, are narrow, blunt-edged folds in the cap's undersurface. Widely spaced and forked, they are decurrent (Latin: decurrere, "to run down"), which means that they extend down onto the stalk from under the cap.

Petite size, fairly uniform coloring of all parts, their flamboyant redness, and the distinctive outline and spacing of the false gills all distinguish red chanterelles.

Spores, by which mushrooms propagate themselves through dispersion, are individually invisible, but a pile of multitudinous spores is discernible. The color of this mass, obtained in a spore print, is a critical identification feature. Spore prints in the wild are evinced in colored dust on a leaf or on the ground below the gills or false gills. Otherwise, to make a spore print, remove the stem, place the cap onto a piece of paper or a glass, and cover with an upside-down cup or glass to protect from air currents. The massive release of spores soon occurs. The smooth, thin-walled, ellipsoid spores of red chanterelles print as pinkish cream.

Unlike their golden, greatly prized relatives, the golden chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius), red chanterelles do not emit a noticeable or distinctive odor.

Red chanterelles are deliciously edible. An agreeable peppery taste is released, first subtly and then unmistakeably. Nevertheless, mycophagists (Greek: μύκης, mykēs, "fungus" + φαγεῖν, phagein, "to eat"), who eat fungi (especially mushrooms), and mycologists (Greek: μύκης, mykēs + -λογία, -logía, "branch of study”), who study fungi, do not recommend identifying mushrooms in the wild through taste tests. Mild gastrointestinal distress -- such as mildly upset stomach or mild diarrhea -- sometimes occurs in those unaccustomed to consuming noncultivated mushrooms.

Jack-o'-lanterns (Omphalotus illudens), classified as toxic mushrooms, are mistaken for chanterelles by the unitiated. Close inspection of key points removes all doubt.

• Jack-o'-lanterns are the fireflies of the mushroom world as their bioluminescent gills glow blue green at twilight and in darkness.
• Jack-o'-lanterns are bright orange to orange yellow with no hint of red or pink.
• Jack-o'-lanterns have true gills.
• A pleasant aroma, which is often noticeable, does not confuse red chanterelle hunters who know that reds tend to be odorless, but may confuse seekers of other chanterelle species.
• Jack-o'-lanterns form dense clusters with all their stems either fused together or closely packed at the base.

The question arises whether to pluck red chanterelles out of the ground or to leave the base attached to the mycelium underground by delicately slicing off the stem just above ground level with a knife.

Either method is acceptable, although a 13-year study of long-term growth patterns of chanterelles in Pacific Northwest forests in Oregon apparently revealed a slight decline in future mushroom growth with the knife method (Greg A. Marley, Chanterelle Dreams, p. 65).

Red in nature may signal toxicity, as, for example, with Satan's mushrooms (Boletas satanas).

But cinnabar red chanterelle mushrooms are as healthy and delicious as they are strikingly attractive.

So they are pretty on the outside and pretty on the inside as well.

And their flamboyant appearance, especially in autumn as their redness flashes beneath colorful, leafy coverlets, prettifies the landscape and heralds, for aficionados, culinary enjoyment.

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

a fungal "bouquet": Cinnabar red chanterelle mushrooms (Cantharellus cinnabarinus)
Oneida County, north central "upstate" New York: Eric Smith (esmith), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantharellus_cinnabarinus_93293.jpg

cinnabar crystal on Dolomite matrix: mineral is namesake of color and of fungal species
Tongren Mine, Guizhou Province, southwestern China: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com, CC-BY-SA-3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cinnabar-157604.jpg

pottery style from which genus name Cantharellus derives: kantharos with characteristic high-swung handles; East Ionia, western Anatolian coast, ca. 540 BC
Staatliche Antikensammlungen (State Collections of Antiques), Kunstareal, central Munich, southeastern Germany: MatthiasKabel, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Janiform_kantharos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2014_02.jpg

1894 sketch of Lewis David von Schweinitz (February 13, 1780 - February 8, 1834): namer of Cantharellus cinnabarinus in 1832 and sometimes considered as "Father of North American Mycology"
Mycology is the study of fungi, a kingdom that includes mushrooms, molds and yeasts.
Popular Science Monthly, April 1894, Vol 44, opposite p. 721: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V44_D738_Lewis_David_von_Schweinitz.jpg

Cantharellus cinnabarinus may be found in Pennsylvania's old-growth hemlock stands: Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) palustrine forest, with Panther Run streaming along banks of sphagnum moss
Hook Natural Area, central Pennsylvania: Nicholas_T, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/nicholas_t/7285436182/

Cinnabar red chanterelles profit from conifer-hardwood forest floor of mixed leaves and needles: lone Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) surrounded by American beech (Fagus grandifolia) trees
Gouldsboro State Park, northeastern Pennsylvania: Nicholas_T, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/nicholas_t/4950166690/

large group of gregarious clusters of cinnabar red chanterelles
Mushroom Observer image 97944: Daniel Neall, CC BY SA 3.0, via Encyclopedia of Life @ https://eol.org/pages/1008137/media?page=3; (specific EOL image URL @ https://eol.org/media/10898352)

Canthaxanthin's coloring book in nature extends beyond Cantharellus cinnabarinus mushrooms: roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja), a wading bird whose pink coloration is due to canthaxanthin in its diet
Myakka River State Park, central west Florida: Mwanner, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roseate_Spoonbill_-_Myakka_River_State_Park.jpg

Cinnabar red chanterelles may be grouped or scattered on forest floor.
False gills bluntly ridge stems downward from wavy caps.: Bob (Mullica), CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/mullica/9205544459/

golden chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius): best-known species in Cantharellus genus, which -- unlike its colorfully flamboyant relatives, cinnabar red chanterelle -- emits a discernible aroma.
in habitat: in a French wood: Strobilomyces, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chanterelle_Cantharellus_cibarius.jpg

not to be mistaken for Cantharellus cinnabarinus: Jack-o'-lantern mushrooms (Omphalotus illudens)
George Washington National Forest, Shenandoah Mountain, Central Appalachians: Jason Hollinger (pellaea), CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/7147684@N03/1018098506/

Habitat as key difference: Jack-o-lanterns grow on wood and sometimes on tree roots; in contrast, cinnabar red chanterelles grow in soil.
Frozen Head State Park and Natural Area, northeastern Tennessee: Michael Hodge, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/mhodge/221560047/

Satan's mushroom (Boletas satanas): wild mushroom whose redness signals toxicity, unlike Cantharellus cinnabarinus, whose redness is equated with delicious healthiness.
L. (Léon) Dufour, Atlas des champignons comestibles et vénéneux (1891), Planche 57: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3270641

Cinnabar red chanterelles may be harvested by slicing with a knife or by plucking out of ground:
A 13-year study in Oregon revealed a slight decline in future growth with knife method.
Mushroom Observer image 51658: Dan Molter (shroomydan), CC BY SA 3.0, via Encyclopedia of Life @ https://eol.org/pages/1008137/media; (specific EOL image URL @ https://eol.org/media/10898325)

cheery sight
Chimney Rock State Park, Rumbling Bald Mountain, Chimney Rock, Rutherford County, southwestern North Carolina: bobistraveling, CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/bobistraveling/9459419542/

ca. 1878 profile of C. cinnabarinus by mycologist-botanical illustrator Mary Banning: they were common in Druid Hill Park, northwestern Baltimore, and abundant in July and August 1877 but sparse and small in 1878 and not seen in 1879.
Mary Banning, "Fungi of Maryland" (unpublished manuscript, ca. 1878), Plate 99: Public Domain, via Vintage Printable @ http://vintageprintable.swivelchairmedia.com/botanical/botanical-mushrooms/; New York State Museum, via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/treasures/collection.cfm?coll=29 (specific image URL @ https://web.archive.org/web/20110710024549/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/treasures/treasure.cfm?object=311555)

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• Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library at: http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3270696

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• Available via MushroomExpert.Com Web site at: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/cantharellus_cinnabarinus.html

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