Wizzley

Hose's Palm Civets (Diplogale hosei): Non-Ringtails of Borneo

by DerdriuMarriner

In line with all civets, Hose’s palm civets have musky, stinky scent glands. Like some civets, they prefer palm trees. Unlike any civet, their name recalls zoologist Charles Hose.

Governments divide all Borneo into three parts.

The government of the Islamic Sultanate of Brunei exists in the coastal north. The Indonesian government gets the biggest chunk, Kalimantan. The Malaysian government has Brunei surrounded by two large divisions, Sabah and Salawak Provinces.

The climate is the same throughout all three parts of Borneo. Ample insular water bodies and strong sea breezes keep all of Borneo’s temperatures within the range of 72 – 93°F (22.22 - 33.89°C). The humid atmosphere and the water cycle leave their mark on the entire island, with yearly rainfall averages of 160 inches (4,060 millimeters).

All of the above factors must appeal to Hose’s palm civets, mammals endemic to Borneo.

extraordinary British zoologist Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas: lent his genius to Hose's Palm Civets

portrait bequeathed by Oldfield Thomas to London's Natural History Museum
oil on canvas by John Ernest Breun (1862-1921)
oil on canvas by John Ernest Breun (1862-1921)

 

The official presentation of Hose’s palm civets to amateurs and professionals outside Southeast Asia dates to 1892. It draws upon the collection of Charles Hose (October 12, 1863 – November 14, 1923), as:

  • Nature-lover in Hertfordshire;
  • Pupil at Felsted, Sussex and Clare and Jesus Colleges, Cambridge;
  • Supervisor within the British colonial administrative apparatus at Sarawak, 1884;
  • Zoologist with ethnological and specimen collections, 1892-.

It expresses the extraordinary diligence and intelligence of Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas (February 21, 1858 – June 16, 1929), as:

  • Nature-lover in Bedfordshire;
  • Pupil at Haileyburg College, Hertfordshire and in Cape Colony, South Africa;
  • Taxonomist of 2,000+ specimens;
  • Writer of 1,000+ publications;
  • Zoologist at London’s British Museum.

 

The Scott-Keltie Falls, Mt. Dulit, Baram District, Sarawak: Charles Hose, namesake of Hose's Palm Civets, collected specimens described by Oldfield Thomas on Mount Dulit at 4,000 feet (1219 meters) and on Mount Batu Song at 2,000 feet (609.6 meters)

photo by Alfred Cort Haddon, Sc.D., FRS, FRGS (May 24, 1855 – April 20, 1940)
Alfred C. Haddon, Head-Hunters (1901), frontispiece
Alfred C. Haddon, Head-Hunters (1901), frontispiece

 

Museum specimens account for scientific acquaintance with Hose’s palm civets, the only civets endemic to Borneo. Other civets also claim Borneo within their bio-geographical distributions and ranges:

  • Asian brown golden palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus);

  • Banded palm civets (Hemigale derbyanus);

  • Gem-faced masked palm civets (Paguma larvata);

  • Oriental civets (Viverra tangalunga);

  • Otter civets (Cynogale bennettii);

  • Small-toothed three-striped palm civets (Arctogalidia trivirgata).

Excepting fleeting views of banded and Hose's palm civets by inexperienced viewers, identifying these semi-sympatric (partly same-ranging) civets does not prove difficult. Observers quickly learn that unlike banded palm civets, Hose's palm civets showcase:

  • No opening between the skull's paired incisive foramina;

  • No super-curved incisor rows;

  • Prominent accessory cusps on anterior premolars.

 

Hose's Palm Civet (Diplogale hosei) range ~ Hose's Palm Civets are the only civets endemic (Greek ἐν en "in, within" + δῆμος demos "people") to Borneo.

Distribution data from IUCN Red List
Distribution data from IUCN Red List

 

Camera-trapping and capture-and-release events allow motion and real-time studies regarding super-demure, super-elusive, super-fast Hose's palm civets. For example, camera-trapping photography catches banded palm civets in Kinabalu National Park, Sabah Province, Malaysian Borneo and possibly in Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. A capture in Brunei dates to 1997, with release back into the wild taking place 2 months later. Conditions between the kill and transfer and between the preservation and storage impact the quality of existing specimens. But cutting-edge technology justifies historical descriptions of banded palm civets as:

  • Black-brown in upper coloration from nose through outer limbs to tail tip;

  • Buff-grey around cheeks and eyes;

  • Grayish-, orange-brownish, or yellowish-white from chin through inner limbs to tail tip;

  • White-lipped and throated.   

 

side view of skull of male Hose's Palm Civet: drawn from specimen collected by Charles Hose

illustration by M.H. (Maud Horman) Fisher (1859-1904), Mintern Bros., printers; Oldfield Thomas, "On Some Mammals from Mount Dulit, North Borneo."
Proceedings of the General Meetings of the Zoological Society of London (March 15, 1892, Plate XIX, Figure 1, opposite page 221
Proceedings of the General Meetings of the Zoological Society of London (March 15, 1892, Plate XIX, Figure 1, opposite page 221

 

Unspotted, unstriped pelage blends with lower montane and mixed dipterocarp (“two-winged fruit”) forests at altitudes of 1,312.34 - 2,395.01 feet (400 - 730 meters) throughout Bruneian and Malaysian Borneo. It camouflages Hose's palm civets, whose physical and sexual maturity realizes:

  • Ear lengths of 1.42 – 1.54 inches (36 – 39 millimeters);

  • Head-and-body lengths of 18.58 – 21.26 inches (472 – 540 millimeters);

  • Rear-paw lengths of 2.91 – 3.19 inches (74 -81 millimeters);

  • Tail lengths of 11.73 – 13.62 inches (298 – 346 millimeters);

  • Weights of 3.09 – 3.31 pounds (1.4 – 1.5 kilograms).

It facilitates:

  • Foraging evenings and nights;

  • Sleeping among tree roots and within abandoned burrows and rocky crevices.   

 

Hose's Palm Civet (Diplogale hosei), under synonym of Hemigale hosei

illustration by Joseph Smit (July 18, 1836 – November 4, 1929), Mintern Bros., printers; Oldfield Thomas, "On Some Mammals from Mount Dulit, North Borneo."
Proceedings of the General Meetings of the Zoological Society of London (March 15, 1892, Plate XVIII, between pages 220-221
Proceedings of the General Meetings of the Zoological Society of London (March 15, 1892, Plate XVIII, between pages 220-221

 

Invertebrates generally and insects particularly dominate civet diets. But Hose's palm civets favor prey that are more in line with the eating habits of aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals. In fact, just like Southeast Asia's otter civets, Hose's palm civets feed upon:

  • Crabs;

  • Frogs;

  • Shrimp;

  • Small fish.

Facial whiskers and hairy paws additionally lead mammalogists to hypothesize the regular inclusion of mossy boulder- and stream-dwelling small mammals in the diets of Hose's palm civets. Stream and streamside insects represent:

  • The role of riverine invertebrates as dietary supplements in the nutritional requirements of Hose's palm civets;

  • The significance of dense vegetation cover and of unpolluted streams for health in the life cycles and natural histories of Hose's palm civets.

 

palatal view of skull of male Hose's Palm Civet: drawn from specimen collected by Charles Hose

illustration by M.H. (Maud Horman) Fisher (1859-1904), Mintern Bros., printers; Oldfield Thomas, "On Some Mammals from Mount Dulit, North Borneo."
Proceedings of the General Meetings of the Zoological Society of London (March 15, 1892, Plate XIX, Figure 2, opposite page 221
Proceedings of the General Meetings of the Zoological Society of London (March 15, 1892, Plate XIX, Figure 2, opposite page 221

 

Hose's palm civets communicate by:

  • Sight, smell, sound;
  • Taste, touch;
  • Vocalization.

Super-sight depends upon dark-adapted, large, rounded eyes. Two flared, protruding nostrils on a large, moist nose detect both the strongest and the subtlest of scents. Anal-area glands emit information-gathering, mate-attracting, and territory-marking musk. Processing sounds involves:

  • Alert, thin-haired, white-interiored ears;

  • Fine, long, super-sensory white facial whiskers.

Touch is facilitated by:

  • Brown foot-pads;

  • Flesh-colored, hairy soles;

  • Semi-webbed, tongue-moistened paws for grasping and grooming;

  • 20 cat-like, curved, retractile, sharp claws.

Taste makes use of:

  • Agile, flavor-sensitive, long tongue;

  • 12 incisors, 4 canines, 16 premolars, and 8 molars distributed equally between the lower and upper jaws.

Vocalizations range from cooing to:

  • Growling;

  • Hissed spitting;

  • Whining.   

 

Hose's Palm Civets favor habitats dominated by Koompassia excelsa, one of the tallest rainforest trees, with heights reaching over 85 meters (281 feet).

Koompasia excelsa providing support for part of a canopy walkway, Sabah, northern Borneo, Malaysia
Sabah, northern Borneo, Malaysia
Sabah, northern Borneo, Malaysia

Conclusion: Hose's Palm Civets, a lesser-known species with a forgotten past and an uncharted future

 

Unfamiliarity to wildlife-loving amateurs and professionals aggravates the vulnerability of Hose's palm civets. For example, bio-geography concentrates Hose's palm civets in predictable niches dominated by the tropical hardwood genera Hopea, Koompassia, and Shorea. But global economics, insufficient funding, local reticence, politico-administrative changes, and remote terrain confound scientific investigations. Hose's palm civets therefore end up as the lesser-known species of previously marketable animals whose past is forgotten and whose future is uncharted. Westerners knew of civets as sources of musky perfume-stabilizers. Locals know of Hose's palm civets as sources of:

  • Ceremonial pelts;

  • Nutritious bushmeat;

  • Traditional medicines.

Government protection, scientific research, and wildlife-lover awareness problem-solve the environmental stresses on wildlife sustainability from:

  • Agro-industrialism;

  • Globally-warmed climate change;

  • Habitat fragmentation;

  • Snare-trapping.

 

Mount Kinabalu (Malay: Gunung Kinabalu), protected in Kinabalu Park (Malay: Taman Kinabalu), established in 1964 as one of Malaysia's first national parks; designated in 2000 as Malaysia's first UNESCO World Heritage Site

Hose's Palm Civets have been recorded in Kinabalu Park.
view from Kundasang, closest town to Mount Kinabalu, northern Borneo, Malaysia
view from Kundasang, closest town to Mount Kinabalu, northern Borneo, Malaysia

Acknowledgment

 

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

 

Image Credits

 

oil on canvas by John Ernest Breun (1862-1921): Kristofer M. Helgen, Roberto Portela Miguez, James Kohen, Lauren Helgen/ZooKeys, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Michael_Rogers_Oldfield_Thomas_-_ZooKeys-255-103-g003-bottom_right.jpeg; via Pensoft Publishers / ZooKeys @ https://zookeys.pensoft.net/showimg.php?filename=oo_25946.jpg

Scott-Keltie Falls, Mt. Dulit, Baram District, Sarawak
Alfred C. Haddon, Head-Hunters (1901), frontispiece: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/headhuntersblack00hadduoft/page/n7/mode/1up

Distribution data from IUCN Red List: Chermundy/ IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, species assessors and the authors of the spatial data, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hose's_Palm_Civet_area.png

male Hose's Palm Civet skull
Oldfield Thomas, "On Some Mammals from Mount Dulit, North Borneo."
Proceedings of the General Meetings of the Zoological Society of London (March 15, 1892, Plate XIX, Figure 1, opposite page 221: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31848727

Hose's Palm Civet (Diplogale hosei), under synonym of Hemigale hosei
Oldfield Thomas, "On Some Mammals from Mount Dulit, North Borneo."
Proceedings of the General Meetings of the Zoological Society of London (March 15, 1892, Plate XVIII, between pages 220-221: Public Domain, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofzoo1892zool/page/n279/mode/1up

male Hose's Palm Civet skull
Oldfield Thomas, "On Some Mammals from Mount Dulit, North Borneo."
Proceedings of the General Meetings of the Zoological Society of London (March 15, 1892, Plate XIX, Figure 2, opposite page 221: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31848727

Koompassia excelsa
Sabah, northern Borneo, Malaysia: Bobbean, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Koompasia_excelsa.jpg

Mount Kinabalu (Malay: Gunung Kinabalu)
view from Kundasang, closest town to Mount Kinabalu, northern Borneo, Malaysia: Oscark, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MtKinabalu_view_from_kundasan.jpg

Ulu Temburong National Park
canopy walk, Ulu Temburong National Park, Batu Apoi Forest Reserve, northern Borneo, Brunei: Brendan (Little Raven), CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/littleraven/7301916724/

Crocker Range (Malay: Banjaran Crocker)
Tamparuli-Ranau-Road, Sabah, northern Borneo, Malaysia: Photo by CEphoto, Uwe Aranas, CC-BY-SA-3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sabah_CrockerMountainRange-04.jpg

 

The heights of Ulu Temburong National Park, known as "The Green Jewel of Brunei," are home to Hose's Palm Civets; rare and reclusive, adaptable to a range of altitudes, Hose's Palm Civets are known by only 17 specimens in museums worldwide.

Temburong District, Brunei's easternmost district, is an enclave, i.e., separated from the rest of Brunei by Malaysian state of Sarawak.
canopy walk, Ulu Temburong National Park, Batu Apoi Forest Reserve, northern Borneo, Brunei
canopy walk, Ulu Temburong National Park, Batu Apoi Forest Reserve, northern Borneo, Brunei

Sources Consulted

 

Arnold, Michael L. 2008. Reticulate Evolution and Humans: Origins and Ecology. Oxford University Press.

Bell, D.; Roberton, S.; and Hunter, P. R. 2004. "Animal Origins of SARS Coronavirus: Possible Links with the International Trade in Small Carnivores." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 359:1107-1114.

Bisby, F.A.; Roskov, Y.R.; Orrell, T.M.; Nicolson, D.; Paglinawan, L.E.; Bailly, N.; Kirk, P.M.; Bourgoin, T.; Baillargeon, G.; and Ouvrard, D. (red.). 2011. "Diplogale hosei Thomas, 1892."Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist. Reading, UK. Retrieved July 15, 2014.

  • Available at: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/details/species/id/6902610

Boelens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; and Grayson, Michael. 2009. The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. Johns Hopkins University. 

Boudet, Ch. 10 January 2009. "Species Sheet: Banded Palm Civet." Mammals' Planet: Vs n°4, 04/2010. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/drupal/en/node/38?indice=Hemigalus+derbyanus

Boudet, Ch. 10 January 2009. "Subspecies Sheet: Hardwicke's Hemigale, Hardwicke's Palm-civet." Mammals' Planet: Vs n°4, 04/2010. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/drupal/en/node/39?indice=Hemigalus+derbyanus+hardwickei

Boudet, Ch. 10 January 2009. "Subspecies Sheet [Hemigalus derbyanus boiei]." Mammals' Planet: Vs n°4, 04/2010. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/drupal/en/node/39?indice=Hemigalus+derbyanus+boiei

Boudet, Ch. 10 January 2009. "Subspecies Sheet [Hemigalus derbyanus derbyanus]." Mammals' Planet: Vs n°4, 04/2010. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/drupal/en/node/39?indice=Hemigalus+derbyanus+derbyanus

Boudet, Ch. 10 January 2009. "Subspecies Sheet [Hemigalus derbyanus incursor]." Mammals' Planet: Vs n°4, 04/2010. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/drupal/en/node/39?indice=Hemigalus+derbyanus+incursor

Boudet, Ch. 10 January 2009. "Subspecies Sheet [Hemigalus derbyanus invisus]." Mammals' Planet: Vs n°4, 04/2010. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/drupal/en/node/39?indice=Hemigalus+derbyanus+invisus

Boudet, Ch. 10 January 2009. "Subspecies Sheet: Sipora Banded Palm Civet." Mammals' Planet: Vs n°4, 04/2010. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/drupal/en/node/39?indice=Hemigalus+derbyanus+sipora

Boudet, Ch. 10 January 2009. "Subspecies Sheet: Small Mentawai Banded Palm Civet." Mammals' Planet: Vs n°4, 04/2010. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/drupal/en/node/39?indice=Hemigalus+derbyanus+minor

Brodie, J.; and Giordano, A. 2011. "Small Carnivores of the Maliau Basin, Sabah, Borneo, Including a New Locality for Hose's Civet Diplogale hosei." Small Carnivore Conservation 44:1-6.

Cassell's Universal Portrait Gallery: A Collection of Portraits of Celebrities, English and Foreign. With Facsimile Autographs. 1895. London, Paris & Melbourne: Cassell and Company, Limited.

  • Available via Internet Archive at: https://archive.org/details/cassellsuniversa00londiala

Corbet, G.B.; and Hill, J.E. 1992. Mammals of the Indo-Malayan Region: A Systematic Review. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.

Dinets, V. 2003. "Records for Small Carnivores from Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Borneo." Small Carnivore Conservation 28:9.

Driver, Stephanie (ed.). 2008. Exploring Mammals, Volume 3. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Corporation.

Duff, Andrew; and Lawson, Ann. 2004. Mammals of the World: A Checklist. Yale University Press.

Ewer, R.F. 1998. The Carnivores. Cornell University Press: Cornell Paperbacks.

Francis, C. 2002. "An Observation of Hose's Civet in Brunei." Small Carnivore Conservation 26:19.

Francis, Charles M. 1 January 2008. A Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia. New Holland Publishers.

Gaubert, P.; and Cordeiro-Estrela, P. 2006. “Phylogenetic Systematics and Tempo of Evolution of the Viverrinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, viverridae) within Feliformians: Implications for Faunal Exchanges between Asia and Africa.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41:266-278.

Gervais, Paul. 1855. Histoire naturelle des Mammifères: Carnivores, Proboscidiens, Jumentés, Bisulques, Édentés, Marsupiaux, Monotrèmes, Phoques, Sirénides et Cétacés. Paris: L. Curmer.

Gittleman, John L.; Funk, Stephan M.; Macdonald, David; and Wayne, Robert K. (eds.). 2001. Carnivore Conservation. Cambridge University Press: Conservation Biology 5.

Gray, J.E. 1837. "Description of Some New, or Little Known, Mammalia, Principally in the British Museum Collection." The Magazine of Natural History Conducted by Edward Charlesworth, F.G.S. 1:577-579. 

Gray, J. E. 1837 [1838]. "On a New Species of Paradoxure (Paradoxurus derbianus) with Remarks on Some Mammalia Recently Purchased by the British Museum, and Characters of the New Species." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1837:67.

Haddon, Alfred C. (Cort). 1901. Head-Hunters Black, White, and Brown. London: Methuen & Co.

  • Available via Internet Archive at: https://archive.org/details/headhuntersblack00hadduoft

Hayssen, Virginia; Van Tienhoven, Ari; and Van Tienoven, Ans. Asdell’s Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-Specific Data. Cornell University, 1993.

"Hemigalus derbyanus (Banded Civet)." ZipcodeZoo: Species Identifier 128417. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://zipcodezoo.com/animals/h/hemigalus_derbyanus/

“Hemigalus derbyanus (Gray, 1837).” The Marine Biological Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=105778

"Hemigalus derbyanus boiei Müller, 1838." The Marine Biological Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer. Retrieved July 29, 2014. 

  • Available at: http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=11271823

"Hemigalus derbyanus derbyanus Gray, 1837." The Marine Biological Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer. Retrieved July 29, 2014. 

  • Available at: http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=11271821

"Hemigalus derbyanus minor Miller, 1903." The Marine Biological Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer. Retrieved July 29, 2014. 

  • Available at: http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=11271825

"Hemigalus derbyanus sipora Chasen and Kloss, 1927." The Marine Biological Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer. Retrieved July 29, 2014. 

  • Available at: http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=11271827

Hon, J.; and Azlan, M.J. 2008. "Diplogale hosei." In: IUCN 2014. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. Retrieved July 29, 2014. 

  • Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/6635/0

Hose, Charles. 1893. A Descriptive Account of the Mammals of Borneo. London: Edward Abbott.

  • Available via Internet Archive at: https://archive.org/details/descriptiveaccou00hose

"Hose's Civet (Diplogale hosei)." ARKive. Retrieved July 29, 2014. 

  • Available at: http://www.arkive.org/hoses-civet/diplogale-hosei/

“Hose's Palm Civet.” The Animal Files: Mammals > Carnivores. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://www.theanimalfiles.com/mammals/carnivores/civet_hoses_palm.html

"Hose's Palm Civet, Diplogale hosei." redOrbit: Reference Library > Mammals. Retrieved July 29, 2014. 

  • Available at: http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/animal_kingdom/mammalia/1112723720/hoses-palm-civet-diplogale-hosei/

“Hose's Palm Civet Pictures and Facts.” The Website of Everything: Animals > Mammals > Carnivora > Viverridae > Hemigalinae > Chrotogale. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://thewebsiteofeverything.com/animals/mammals/Carnivora/Viverridae/Diplogale/Diplogale-hosei.html

Hunter, Luke; and Barrett, Priscilla. 2011. A Field Guide to the Carnivores of the World. London, Cape Town, Sydney, Auckland: New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd.

Jennings, A. P.; and Veron, J. 2009. "Family Viverridae (Civets, Genets, and Oyans)." In: Don E. Wilson and Russel Mittermeier (Hrsg.) Handbook of the Mammals of the World Volume 1: Carnivores. Lynx Edicions.

Jourdan, C. January - June 1837. "Mémoire sur deux mammifères nouveaux de l'Inde, considérés comme types des deux genres voisins des Paradoxures, genres Hémigale et Ambliodon." Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 5:442–447. 

  • Available via Gallica at: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k29634.image

Kondo, H.; Tesar, J.; Cloud, D.; Kagan, L. (eds.). 1972. Civets, Genets, and Linsangs, Volume 2, 3rd Edition. Milan: Fratelli Fabbri Editori.

Kowalczyk, C. 1989. "Behavioral Observations of the Banded Palm Civet (Hemigalus derbyanus) in Captivity." Zoologische Garten 59(4):264-274. 

Larivière, Serge. 2004. "Hose's Palm Civet Diplogale hosei Spanish: Hemigalo de Hose." P. 344 in Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Second Edition. Volume 14: Mammals III, edited by Michael Hutchins, Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist, and Melissa C. McDade. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, Inc., division of Thomson Learning Inc.

Mathai, J. 2010. "Hose's Civet: Borneo's Mysterious Carnivore." Nature Watch 18/4:2-8.

Matsubayashi, H.; Bernard, H.; Ahmad, A. 2011. "Small Carnivores of the Imbak Canyon, Sabah, Malaysia, Borneo, Including a New Locality for Hose's Civet Diplogale hosei." Small Carnivore Conservation 45:18-22.

McLaughlin, Jessica. 2013. "Diplogale hosei : Hose's Palm Civet (On-line)." Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved July 29, 2014. 

  • Available at: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Diplogale_hosei/

Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C.S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G.S; and Dewey, T.A.. 2014. "Hemigalus derbyanus: Banded Palm Civet (On-line)." The Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved July 29, 2014. 

  • Available at: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Hemigalus_derbyanus/specimens/

Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Sixth Edition. Volume I. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 

Pocock, R. I. 31 March 1939. "The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma." Mammalia , Vol. I Primates and Carnivora (in part), Families Felidae and Viverridae I:452-458. 

  • Available via Internet Archive at: http://www.archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n543/mode/2up

Samejia, H.; and Semiadi, G. 2012. "First Record of Hose's Civet Diplogale hosei from Indonesia, and Records of Other Carnivores in the Schwaner Mountains, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." Small Carnivore Conservation 46:1-7.

Santoro, Kari. 2004. “Hemigalus derbyanus: Banded Palm Civet (On-line).” Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved July 29, 2014.

  • Available at: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Hemigalus_derbyanus/

Schreiber, A.; Wirth, R.; Riffel, M.; and Van Rompaey, H. 1989. Weasels, Civets, Mongooses, and Their Relatives. An Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Thomas, O. 1892. "On Some Mammals from Mount Dulit, North Borneo." Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 221-227.

  • Available via Internet Archive at: http://www.archive.org/stream/proceedingsofzoo1892zool#page/222/mode/1up

Thomas, O. 1892. "On Some New Mammalia from the East-Indian Archipelago." Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, 9:250-254.

Van Rompaey, H.; and Azlan, J. 2004. "Hose's Civet, Diplogale hosei." Small Carnivore Conservation 30:18-19.

Veron, Geraldine. 2010. “Phylogeny of the Viverridae and ‘Viverrid-like’ Feliforms.” Pp. 64-90 in Carnivoran Evolution: New Views on Phylogeny, Form and Function edited by Anjali Goswami and Anthony Friscia. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge Studies in Morphology and Molecules.

Wells, K.; Biun, A.; and Gabin, M. 2005. "Viverrid and Herpesterid Observations by Camera and Small Mammal Cage Trapping in the Lowland Forests of Borneo Including a Record of the Hose's Civet, Diplogale hosei." Small Carnivore Conservation 32:12-14.

Wilson, Don E.; and Cole, F. Russell. 2000. Common Names of Mammals of the World. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Wilson, Don E.; and Reeder, DeeAnn M. (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press.

Wilting, A.; and Fickel, J.. 2012. "Phylogenetic Relationship of Two Threatened Endemic Viverrids from the Sunda islands, Hose's Civet and Sulawesi Civet." Journal of Zoology 1-7.

Wrobel, Murray (Editor). 2007. Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals: Latin English German French Italian. Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier B.V. 

Yasuma, S. 2004. "Observations of a Live Hose's Civet Diplogale hosei." Small Carnivore Conservation 31:3-5.

 

View of Crocker Range (Malay: Banjaran Crocker), which separates the east and west coasts of Malaysian state of Sabah in northern Borneo

Mount Kinabalu, highest peak in Crocker Range, provides favorable ecosystems for Hose's Palm Civets.
Tamparuli-Ranau-Road, Sabah, northern Borneo, Malaysia
Tamparuli-Ranau-Road, Sabah, northern Borneo, Malaysia
the end which is also the beginning
the end which is also the beginning

Walker's Mammals of the World (2-Volume Set) ~ Available via Amazon

Thoroughly describes every genus of the class Mammalia known to have lived in the last 5,000 years.
Walker's Mammals of the World (2-Volume Set)

Mammals of the World: A Checklist by Andrew Duff and Ann Lawson ~ page 115: Diplogale hosei (Hose's Palm Civet) ~ Available via Amazon

This is the first checklist of mammals of the world to include both English and scientific names of every species as well as a brief summary of distribution and habitat.
mammal-themed books

Mountain Jungle Eyes: green t-shirt ~ Available via Amazon

Jungle travelers may never know that they are being quietly watched by jungle dwellers, such as Hose's Palm Civets.
wildlife t-shirt

Me and my purrfectly purrfect Maine coon kittycat, Augusta "Gusty" Sunshine

Gusty and I thank you for reading this article and hope that our product selection interests you; Gusty Gus receives favorite treats from my commissions.
DerdriuMarriner, All Rights Reserved
DerdriuMarriner, All Rights Reserved
Updated: 10/01/2024, DerdriuMarriner
 
Thank you! Would you like to post a comment now?
27

Comments

Only logged-in users are allowed to comment. Login

You might also like

Banded Palm Civets (Hemigalus derbyanus): Ringtails of Borneo,...

Banded palm civets are not among the spotted civets. They have musky-smelling...

Owston's Banded Palm Civets (Chrotogale owstoni): Ringtails of...

Synthetic substitutes decrease civet musk demand. Severe acute respiratory sy...

Disclosure: This page generates income for authors based on affiliate relationships with our partners, including Amazon, Google and others.
Loading ...
Error!