Jacu Bird Coffee From Brazil: Biodynamic Agriculture, Cosmic Cycles, and Organic Farming

Four Cracidae family genera claim guan birds:

• Aburria, whose one species dwells in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela;

• Chamaepetes, whose two species inhabit Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru;

• Oreophasis, whose only species lives in Guatemala and Mexico;

• Penelopina, whose single species occupies El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua.

Two others include guan and jacu birds:

• Penelope, whose 16 species reside in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela;

• Pipile, whose four species settle Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyanas, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad, and Venezuela.

Seven species particularly irritate Brazil's mega-bucks coffee agro-industry.  

Plant parts and small invertebrates accommodate the guan and jacu dietary requirements. It therefore behooves them to function as obligate pest-controlling and seed-dispersing environmentalists within forested and wooded habitats. The herbivorous (“plant-eating”) components of the day-active, tree-dwelling omnivore's (“everything-eater”) diet concentrate upon:

• Buds;

• Flowers;

• Fruits.

The carnivorous (“flesh-eating”) parts control arthropod populations that need to be restrained from devouring foliage and sap and harming bark, roots, and tissue. Guan and jacu eating habits theoretically effect a necessary balance since the birds in question have discriminating floriferous (“flower-related”) and frugiferous (“fruit-related”) tastes. Like the similarly frugivorous -- but dissimilarly mammalian -- East, South, and Southeast Asia's common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), they only feed upon the tastiest morsels. 

Avian predilections for red coffee drupes evince behavior modification impelled by Brazil's extreme environmental reconfigurations since the 1500s. Sergeant Major Francisco de Melo Palheta (1670 – 1750?) gets credit in 1727 for:

• Ending Dutch colonial control over access to sub-Saharan Africa's endemic coffee shrubs (Coffea arabica, C. robusta);

• Obtaining seeds imported by French Guinea from Dutch-controlled Suriname;

• Planting Brazil's first coffee shrubs in Pará.

Coffee cultivation now impacts:

• Bahia;

• Espírito Santo;

• Minas Gerais;

• Paraná;

• Rondônia;

• Santa Catarina;

• São Paulo.

It overlaps with the bio-geographies of:

• Black-fronted (Pipile jacutinga) and red-throated (cujubi) piping guans;

• Chestnut-bellied (Penelope ochrogaster), dusky-legged (obscura), rusty-margined (superciliaris), Spix's (jacquacu), and white-browed (jacucaca) guans. 

Overlaps in home and territorial ranges generally do not endear guan and jacu birds to Brazil's agro-industrialists in general or to Brazil's coffee-growers in particular. Guan and jacu birds typically emit carrying, intrusive, noisy sounds while:

• Foraging;

• Grouping around favorite trees;

• Ruffling wings;

• Vocalizing early-morning wake-up calls.

They particularly get noisy about delicious, fragrant, mature, red coffee cherries. They have a talent for selecting the best-shaped and best-tasting drupes. They ingest the entire fruit even though their digestive system cannot decompose, grind or use the 1 – 2 seeds that an encasing parchment separates and shelters from the enshrouding flesh. They leave no mess other than expelling green beans to the ground under their home trees. 

Witnessing drupe consumption and pit expulsion aggravates coffee-growers everywhere . . . except in Espírito Santo. Separated by highway BR262, Atalaia and Camocim farms are the legacy of biodynamic- and organic-certified owner-operator Henrique Sloper Araújo’s grandfather, Sr Olivar Fontenelle de Araújo from northeast Brazil’s first major port city at Camocim, Ceará. It befits standard operating procedure to include:

• Cosmic cycling;
• Crop rotation;
• Green manure;
• Organic compost;
• Resource re-use.

It behooves staff not to problem-solve with:

• Chemical biocides (antimicrobial, pesticidal);
• Growth-regulators;
• Hormones;
• Off-farm inputs;
• Synthetic fertilizers.

Henrique brings additional insights as a world-traveling adventurer, snow-boarder, and surfer. He draws upon an understanding of kopi luwak -- coffee made from Asian common palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) digesting pulps and expelling pits.

The 369.72-acre (149.62-hectare) Atalaia and 371.6-acre (150.38-hectare) Camocim farms claim:

• Altitudes 1,312.34 – 1,640.42 feet (400 – 500 meters) above sea level;
• Orientations east- or north-ward per moon-/star-/sun-light;
• Precipitation of 59.06 – 78.74 inches (1,500 – 2,000 millimeters) yearly;
• Temperatures averaging 69.8°F (21°C).

They market:

• Arabica coffees;
• Coffee blossom honey;
• Jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora, Brazilian grape) and pitanga (Eugenia uniflora, Brazilian cherry) jams.

Coffee-growing involves:

• August - December flowering, May - September harvesting;
• Banana-, citrus-, eucalyptus-shaded, nutrient-rich soils;
• 8 forest plantations;
• 92,594.15 pounds/year (42,000 kilos/year), with 396,832.07 [180,000] from Bahia-, Espírito Santo-, Minas Gerais-, São Paulo-based partners;
• 123.56 acres (50 hectares);
• 300,000+ producing trees.

Jacu Bird coffee-growing needs:

• Hanging terraces for drying and resting cleaned beans 4 months;
• Nitrogen packaging for shelf-life.

Like Asian common palm civets, dusky-legged and rusty-margined guans consume pulp and expel pits. Per University of Guelph, Ontario food scientist Massimo Marcone, civet digestive tracts de-bitter beans by:

• Exuding proteolytic enzymes;
• Freeing amino acids;
• Initiating malting;
• Shortening peptides.

Such an earthy aroma- and flavor-impacting intrusion has yet to be indicated for jacu birds and their coffee drupes. Jacu birds in fact have different digestive systems and shorter expulsion times. Admirers identify subtleties regarding:

• Full-bodied, slightly acidic, sweet tastes;
• Leather-, rose-, truffle-like aromas;
• Liqueur-like balanced acidity and smoothness.

Biodynamic, organic regulations make coffee-growing transparent. Production will be even more so once Henrique opens Camocim’s Agro-Eco-Resort Community with:

• Hotel rooms;
• Meeting and retail spaces;
• Restaurant;
• Spa;
• Tasting facilities.

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dark Guan (Penelope obscura): an avian species noisily enthusiastic about coffee in Brazil
illustration by Henrik Grönvold (September 6, 1858 - March 23, 1940)
H. Grönvold, The Birds of South America, Vol. II: Plates (1917), Plate 6: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13393252

Jacupemba (Penelope superciliaris): a noisy coffee enthusiast
Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil: Halley Pacheco de Oliveira (Halleypo), CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JBRJ_Jacupemba_01.jpg

Sargento-Mor (Sergeant-Major) Francisco de Melo Palheta is credited with introducing coffee into Brazil in 1727.
"Retrato de Francisco de Melo Palheta"; crayon portrait by Marques Júnior (Augusto José Marques Júnior; 1887-1960)
Basílio de Magalhães, O Café Na História, No Folclore e Nas Belas-Artes (1939): Domínio público (Public Domain), via Biblioteca Brasiliana Guita e José Mindlin (BBM)/Universidade de São Paulo (USP) @ https://digital.bbm.usp.br/view/?45000009318&bbm/3906#page/23/mode/1up

Francisco de Melo Palheta's first coffee plantings occurred on his land in Vigia, northeastern Pará, northern Brazil.
"Melo Palheta planta café en Pará" (1943) by Henrique Campos Cavalleiro (1892-August 25, 1975): Francisco De Melo Palheta, via Facebook April 3, 2016, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=193663227683981&set=a.141706582879646

Spix's Guan (Penelope jacquacu): coffee cultivation in Brazil overlaps with Spix's Guan's bio-geographies
Amazon rainforest, Iquitos, Loreto Region, Maynas Province, northeastern Peru: Louisa Salazar, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Penelope_jacquacu_(Iquitos,_Peru).jpg

Jacuaçu (Penelope obscura)
Entre Rios de Minas, Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil: EvaldoResende, CC BY SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Penelope_obscura.23.jpg

Jacu coffee produced at Araújo family farms in Ceará, northeastern Brazil
Jacu Bird Coffee, ou Café do Jacu, que é produzido na fazenda Camocim, em Pedra A: Sebástian Freire, CC BY SA 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/doisbicudos/9208577098/

Jabuticaba tree (Plinia cauliflora): Fruits are thick-skinned berries, reminiscent of grapes, with astringent, thick purple skin and sweet, white or rosy flesh; popularly eaten fresh or prepared in jams, liqueurs, and wines.
In addition to Jacu Bird Coffee, Araújo family markets Jabuticaba Jam.
Nova Odessa, São Paulo, southeastern Brasil: Bruno.karklis, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plinia_cauliflora.jpg

Araújo family estate is located in picturesque municipality (município) of Domingo Martins in Brazil's northeastern state of Espírito Santo.
Rua João Baptista Wernersbach (João Baptista Wernersbach Street), Domingo Martins, Espírito Santo, northeastern Brazil: Martins, Tito, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rua_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_Wernersbach.JPG

Araújo family coffee product
Restaurante Garfada Boa, Espírito Santo state, northeastern Brazil: Marcelo Träsel (marcelo träsel), CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/trasel/4503551220/

Pico Pedra Azul, iconic gneiss outcrop covered with blue-, green-, and yellow-colored lichens: located in Parque Estadual da Pedra Azul (Pedra Azul State Park), Aracê district of Domingos Martins, municipality where Araújo family organic estates are sited
municipality of Domingos Martins' western district, western Ceará state, northeastern Brazil: Luiz Felipe Gasparini, CC BY SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_da_Pedra_Azul.jpg

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