Jacu Bird Coffee from Brazil: Biodynamic Agriculture, Cosmic Cycles, and Organic Farming

Four Cracidae family genera claim guan birds:

• Aburria, whose one species dwells in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela;

• Chamaepetes, whose two species inhabit Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru;

• Oreophasis, whose only species lives in Guatemala and Mexico;

• Penelopina, whose single species occupies El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua.

Two others include guan and jacu birds:

• Penelope, whose 16 species reside in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela;

• Pipile, whose four species settle Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyanas, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad, and Venezuela.

Seven species particularly irritate Brazil's mega-bucks coffee agro-industry.  

Plant parts and small invertebrates accommodate the guan and jacu dietary requirements. It therefore behooves them to function as obligate pest-controlling and seed-dispersing environmentalists within forested and wooded habitats. The herbivorous (“plant-eating”) components of the day-active, tree-dwelling omnivore's (“everything-eater”) diet concentrate upon:

• Buds;

• Flowers;

• Fruits.

The carnivorous (“flesh-eating”) parts control arthropod populations that need to be restrained from devouring foliage and sap and harming bark, roots, and tissue. Guan and jacu eating habits theoretically effect a necessary balance since the birds in question have discriminating floriferous (“flower-related”) and frugiferous (“fruit-related”) tastes. Like the similarly frugivorous -- but dissimilarly mammalian -- East, South, and Southeast Asia's common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), they only feed upon the tastiest morsels. 

Avian predilections for red coffee drupes evince behavior modification impelled by Brazil's extreme environmental reconfigurations since the 1500s. Sergeant Major Francisco de Melo Palheta (1670 – 1750?) gets credit in 1727 for:

• Ending Dutch colonial control over access to sub-Saharan Africa's endemic coffee shrubs (Coffea arabica, C. robusta);

• Obtaining seeds imported by French Guinea from Dutch-controlled Suriname;

• Planting Brazil's first coffee shrubs in Pará.

Coffee cultivation now impacts:

• Bahia;

• Espírito Santo;

• Minas Gerais;

• Paraná;

• Rondônia;

• Santa Catarina;

• São Paulo.

It overlaps with the bio-geographies of:

• Black-fronted (Pipile jacutinga) and red-throated (cujubi) piping guans;

• Chestnut-bellied (Penelope ochrogaster), dusky-legged (obscura), rusty-margined (superciliaris), Spix's (jacquacu), and white-browed (jacucaca) guans. 

Overlaps in home and territorial ranges generally do not endear guan and jacu birds to Brazil's agro-industrialists in general or to Brazil's coffee-growers in particular. Guan and jacu birds typically emit carrying, intrusive, noisy sounds while:

• Foraging;

• Grouping around favorite trees;

• Ruffling wings;

• Vocalizing early-morning wake-up calls.

They particularly get noisy about delicious, fragrant, mature, red coffee cherries. They have a talent for selecting the best-shaped and best-tasting drupes. They ingest the entire fruit even though their digestive system cannot decompose, grind or use the 1 – 2 seeds which an encasing parchment separates and shelters from the enshrouding flesh. They leave no mess other than expelling green beans to the ground under their home trees. 

Witnessing drupe consumption and pit expulsion aggravates coffee-growers everywhere … except in Espírito Santo. Separated by highway BR262, Atalaia and Camocim farms are the legacy of biodynamic- and organic-certified owner-operator Henrique Sloper Araújo’s grandfather, Sr Olivar Fontenelle de Araújo from northeast Brazil’s first major port city at Camocim, Ceará. It befits standard operating procedure to include:

• Cosmic cycling;
• Crop rotation;
• Green manure;
• Organic compost;
• Resource re-use.

It behooves staff not to problem-solve with:

• Chemical biocides (antimicrobial, pesticidal);
• Growth-regulators;
• Hormones;
• Off-farm inputs;
• Synthetic fertilizers.

Henrique brings additional insights as a world-traveling adventurer, snow-boarder, and surfer. He draws upon an understanding of kopi luwak -- coffee made from Asian common palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) digesting pulps and expelling pits.

The 369.72-acre (149.62-hectare) Atalaia and 371.6-acre (150.38-hectare) Camocim farms claim:

• Altitudes 1,312.34 – 1,640.42 feet (400 – 500 meters) above sea level;
• Orientations east- or north-ward per moon-/star-/sun-light;
• Precipitation of 59.06 – 78.74 inches (1,500 – 2,000 millimeters) yearly;
• Temperatures averaging 69.8°F (21°C).

They market:

• Arabica coffees;
• Coffee blossom honey;
• Jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora, Brazilian grape) and pitanga (Eugenia uniflora, Brazilian cherry) jams.

Coffee-growing involves:

• August - December flowering, May - September harvesting;
• Banana-, citrus-, eucalyptus-shaded, nutrient-rich soils;
• 8 forest plantations;
• 92,594.15 pounds/year (42,000 kilos/year), with 396,832.07 [180,000] from Bahia-, Espírito Santo-, Minas Gerais-, São Paulo-based partners;
• 123.56 acres (50 hectares);
• 300,000+ producing trees.

Jacu Bird coffee-growing needs:

• Hanging terraces for drying and resting cleaned beans 4 months;
• Nitrogen packaging for shelf-life.

Like Asian common palm civets, dusky-legged and rusty-margined guans consume pulp and expel pits. Per University of Guelph, Ontario food scientist Massimo Marcone, civet digestive tracts de-bitter beans by:

• Exuding proteolytic enzymes;
• Freeing amino acids;
• Initiating malting;
• Shortening peptides.

Such an earthy aroma- and flavor-impacting intrusion has yet to be indicated for jacu birds and their coffee drupes. Jacu birds in fact have different digestive systems and shorter expulsion times. Admirers identify subtleties regarding:

• Full-bodied, slightly acidic, sweet tastes;
• Leather-, rose-, truffle-like aromas;
• Liqueur-like balanced acidity and smoothness.

Biodynamic, organic regulations make coffee-growing transparent. Production will be even more so once Henrique opens Camocim’s Agro-Eco-Resort Community with:

• Hotel rooms;
• Meeting and retail spaces;
• Restaurant;
• Spa;
• Tasting facilities.

My special thanks to:

• Talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the Internet;

• Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

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