Jamaican Fruit Bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) and Coffea Diversa Garden Varietals in Costa Rica

Common Jamaican/Mexican fruit-eating bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) natively frequent:

• Caribbean America (Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands);
• Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama);
• Mexico (Michoacán, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas);
• South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela).

They prefer ecosystems with monthly:

• Actual evapotranspiration at 50.35 inches (1,278.5 millimeters);
• Humidity at 55 – 95%;
• Precipitation at 5.8 inches (147.19 millimeters);
• Temperatures at 69.8 – 84.2°F (21 – 29°C).

They sustain life cycles and natural histories:

• At altitudes between sea level and 7,004.59 feet (2,135 meters);
• In cloud, deciduous, evergreen, and scrub forests.

Within forested and wooded habitats, each adult male common Jamaican/Mexican fruit-eating bat claims for every harem of 12+ females and newborns niches within:

• Defensible caves whose temperatures hover between 77 and 78°F (25 and 26°C);
• Dense canopies;
• Rock fissures and overhangs;
• Rural buildings;
• Tree hollows.

Between exiting birth harems and joining new harems, juvenile females consider loose communities amidst thick vegetation with juvenile males. They construct hanging, leafy tents by snapping the midribs (central veins) to palm fronds. The temporary homes get abandoned once 8-month-old, sexually mature females mate with 12-month-old, sexually mature males and produce 1 newborn per:

• First bi-annual, resource-rich, wet-season gestation of 3.5 – 4 months;
• Second bi-annual, resource-rich, wet-season gestation of 6 – 8 months.

Pups arrive heads-first. Birth weights average 0.21 ounces (5.9 grams). Pups consume milk for 15 days. Permanent teeth develop within 40 days. Pups fly within 50 days. Each has:

• Black, black-brown, grey upper-fur silver-tinged by white-based hairs;
• Black, black-brown, broad, short, velvet-furred wings;
• Black, black-brown, hairless, narrow tail membranes;
• Large head;
• Perfumed soap-like body odor;
• Triangular, wide-spaced ears;
• 2 stripes above and 2 below big eyes;
• Well-developed nose-leaf.

Maturity within 80 days involves:

• Ear lengths: 0.79 – 1.06 inches (20 – 27 millimeters);
• Forearm lengths: 2.05 – 2.65 inches (52.0 – 67.4 millimeters);
• Head-and-body lengths: 3.07 – 3.50 inches (78 – 89 millimeters);
• Hindfoot lengths: 0.63 – 0.71 inches (16 – 18 millimeters);
• Weights: 1.27 – 1.69 ounces (36 – 48 grams);
• Wingspans: 15.98 inches (406 millimeters).

Three skills are super-critical for juveniles to dominate and adults to maintain:

• Eluding predatory mammals, raptors, and reptiles;
• Handling couple, group, and single midnight forays;
• Remembering ever-changing forage routes and meal posts.

Their perfection ensures safe, successful flights and perches for:

• Berries, cherries, drupes, fruits;
• Invertebrates (especially insect pests);
• Leaves;
• Nectar;
• Pollen.

Food-seeking indeed functions as a life-sustaining activity not only super-important to common Jamaican/Mexican fruit-eating bats but also well-understood by their researchers.  Twenty-first century chiroptologists (bat specialists) have 193 years of local anecdotes and scientific investigations to consult since the common Jamaican/Mexican fruit-eating bat’s formal taxonomic presentation in 1821 by Plymouth-born English marine biologist, physician, and zoologist William Elford Leach (February 2, 1790 – August 25, 1836).

Scientists consistently acknowledge the common Jamaican/Mexican fruit-eating bat’s obligate environmentalism in:

• Controlling pests;
• Dispersing seeds;
• Pruning vegetation;
• Spreading pollen.

Bat dentition advances folivory and frugivory through:

• Micro-indented super-surfaces for grinding pulp;
• Sharp outer molar edges for piercing fruit skin and leaf tissue.

It encourages “tent-camping” in:

• Polaris (Asterogyne martiana), royal (Scheelea rostrata), Savannah (Sabal mauritiiformis), spiny (Bactris wendlandiana), and suita (Geonoma congesta) palms;
• Short-stem philodendron (Philodendron fragrantissimum).

It favors from 80+ plant genera:

• Almond (Terminalia), breadfruit (Brosium), coffee (Coffea), female-guarumo (Cecropia), fig (Ficus), and hog-plum (Spondias) fruits;
• Balsa (Ochroma), calabash (Crescentia), cashew (Anacardium), mountain-ebony (Bauhinia), pot-bellied silk-cotton (Pseudobombax), sapodilla (Manilkara), silk-cotton (Ceiba), and stink-locust (Hymenaea) flowers, nectar, and pollen;
• Beauty-leaf (Calophyllum), coral (Erythrina), and fig (Ficus) leaves.

Amateurs, experts, and locals likewise attribute brave generosity to common Jamaican/Mexican fruit-eating bats. Short-lasting pulses of 15 kHz caution all bats of predatory presences. Exfiltrations do not discriminate between fellow Artibeus jamaicensis (face-lined Jamaicans) and other taxonomies. Enemy and food issues dominate alarms and extractions. Fruit-feeding particularly grates agro-industrialists since non-native coffee trees are super-favorites despite native fig and naturalized almond trees representing historic preferences. It contrastingly inspires Costa Rica’s Biolley Valley coffee-growers -- whose 200 cedar-, erythrina-, and inga-shaded coffee cultivars, species, and varieties embellish the world’s largest private coffee garden -- to collect flesh-removed, mucilage-salivated, sun-dried Dilla Alghe (2742, 4100), Erecta, Geisha, Montecristo, Purpurascens, Villa Sarchi Jardinero beans for:

• Cleaning;
• Vacuum-packaging in 352.74-ounce (10-kilogram) bags.

The term animal coffee calls forth images of Asian common palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) enjoying drupes and expelling beans. Civet digestive systems theoretically impact the beans’ ultimate aroma, look, structure, and taste such that Southeast Asian entrepreneurs market super-profitable kopi luwak (civet coffee). The civet is neither native nor naturalized to corresponding latitudes in the Americas.

But another mammalian species may be the Western Hemisphere’s less controversial, less intrusive competitor regarding exotic, expensive coffees produced at altitudes 3,937.01 – 4,429.13 feet (1,200 – 1,350 meters) above sea level. Common Jamaican/Mexican fruit-eating bats receive credit for no-fuss, no-muss interactions yielding delicately acidic, floral, fruity coffees whose clean, straightforward, unique production:

• Kittycat Cafelina approves;
• Owner Gonzalo Hernández Solís perfects;
• Visitors witness.

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Jamaican Fruit Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis)
Jamaican Fruit Bat roosting low on a palm tree: Steven Brewer (limako), CC BY SA 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/limako/4838169419/

distribution of Artibeus jamaicensis
Distribution data from IUCN Red List: Felineora/IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, species assessors and the authors of the spatial data, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artibeus_jamaicensis_map.png

Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis)
Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) in favored posture, hanging upside down from a tree: Karin Schneeberger alias Felineora, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artibeus_jamaicensis.jpg

Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis)
Jamaican fruit bats belong to family of New World leaf-nosed bats, with characteristic leaf-like protrusions on their snouts.: Alex Borisenko, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artibeus_jamaicensis1.jpg

Cecropia obtusifolia with fruit, known as snake fingers: popular food for Jamaican Fruit Bats, which join other snake finger-lovers in seed dispersal by not injesting the fruits' seeds
Playa Car, Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, southeastern Mexico: Leonora (Ellie) Enking (wallygrom), CC BY SA 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/33037982@N04/6878250229/

Costa Rica's Finca Coffea Diversa grows 800 varieties of coffee.
Biolley, Buenos Aires canton, Puntarenas province, western Costa Rica: Coffea diversa @Coffeadiversa, via Facebook October 12, 2013 @ https://www.facebook.com/Coffeadiversa/posts/544905195588394

Costa Rica's Finca Coffea Diversa's coffee varieties include exotics, such as Ethiopia's Dilla Alghe and Geisha, Java's Erecta and Cuba's Montecristo.
Biolley, Buenos Aires canton, Puntarenas province, western Costa Rica: Coffea diversa @coffeadiversa, via Facebook Nov. 14, 2016, @ https://www.facebook.com/Coffeadiversa/posts/1212367162175524

Coffea diversa. "Coffea diversa Viaje Con Cafe" (1:26). YouTube, June 7, 2020, @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jX7t7RpUY_4@ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jX7t7RpUY_4

Ross Khaiitbaev. "Coffea diversa coffee container loading for MTC Group Korea." YouTube, Sep 9, 2012, @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Udd7JrAtg_g
*Replaced with:
Coffea diversa. "Coffea diversa Coffee Botanical Garden" (5:26). YouTube, May 20, 2020, @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3e_mWrfDaI

Finca Coffea Diversa is located near La Amistad International Park in southern Costa Rica's Biolley Valley, on a ridge of the Talamanca Mountain Ridge, near the Panama Border: location benefits from air currents from Atlantic, via Caribbean, and Pacific.
panorama of Cordillera of Talamanca, centered on Costa Rica's highest peak, Cerro Chirripó, at 12,532 ft (3,820 m): Peter Anderson, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chirripó.jpg

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