Small Indian Civets (Viverricula indica): Ringtails of India, Southeast Asia, and Southern China

Mammals additionally can be included among the small Indian civet’s predators. Small Indian civets do not represent the only civets in their East, South, and Southeast Asian distributional ranges. They generally experience no problems in bio-geographical overlaps with:

• Fellow small Indian civets;
• Non-human, predatory mammals;
• Sympatric (“same-ranging”) Asian civets.

They typically fine-tune:

• Anticipating and retiring from interactions before clashes begin;
• Claiming different niches within habitats jointly occupied with or traversed by such competitors as semi-sympatric and sympatric civet species in particular and viverrid (“ferret-like”) species in general;
• Demarcating home and territory ranges as overlapping for opposite-gender -- and separate for same-gender -- small Indian civets.

Avoidance, elusion, and reclusion usually mean peaceful co-existence. Exceptions sometimes surface regarding humans.

Locals and outsiders account for human-involved interactions with small Indian civets. They generally assume the roles of:

• Developers;
• Hunters;
• Scientists;
• Tourists;
• Traders;
• Vacationers;
• Villagers.

Interactions typically emerge along East, South, and Southeast Asia’s ever-expanding urban and ever-shrinking wildland interfaces. They usually have as their consequences for historically ubiquitous small Indian civet populations:

• Captivity or death for extraction of civetone, a musky liquid disfiguringly and painfully scraped from civet scent glands for distillation and stabilization of luxury perfumes and traditional medicines;
• Domestication for pest-control of rampant arthropods and small mammals and seed-dispersing of orchard fruits;
• Homelessness and relocation from lands clear-cut and dug-up for agro-industrial, residential, and roadway expansions;
• Slaughter for bush-meat marketers, fine-dining restaurateurs, and village-ritual fur-tailors.

Biology favors small Indian civets. Bio-geography hides them. Scientists identify multiple subspecies-supportive homelands:

• Bhutan

Viverricula indica baptistae (Reginald Innes Pocock [March 4, 1863 – August 9, 1947], 1933);

• Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam

V.i. thai (Cecil Boden Kloss [March 28, 1877 – August 19, 1949], 1919);

• China

V.i. pallida (John Edward Gray [February 12, 1800 – March 7, 1875], 1831);

V.i. thai;

• India

V.i. baptistae

V.i. deserti (John Lewis Bonhote [June 13, 1875 – October 10, 1922], 1898);

V.i. indica (Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire [April 15, 1772 – June 19, 1844], 1803);

V.i. wellsi (Pocock);

• Indonesia (Henri Jacob Sody [August 31, 1892 – January 16, 1959], 1931);

V.i. atchinensis

V.i. baliensis

V.i. muriavensis

Sri Lanka (Pocock)

V.i. klossi

V.i. mayori;  

• Taiwan

V.i. pallida.

Sympatry clusters:

• Asian palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) – Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam;  
• Banded palm civets (Hemigalus derbyanus) – Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand;
• Brown (Paradoxurus montanus), dry-zone (stenocephalus), wet-zone (aureus) palm civets -- Sri Lanka;
• Gem-faced (Paguma larvata), small-toothed (Arctogalidia trivirgata) palm civets – Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam;  
• Jerdon’s (Paradoxurus jerdoni), Malabar (Viverra civettina) civets -- India;  
• Large Indian civets (Viverra zibetha) – Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam;  
• Large-spotted civets (Viverra megaspila) – Cambodia, China, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam;  
• Malay civets (Viverra tangalunga) – Indonesia, Malaysia;  
• Otter civets (Cynogale bennettii) – Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand;
• Owston’s palm civets (Chrotogale owstoni) – China, Laos, Vietnam.

Niches differ. Physiques do too.

Asia’s civets articulate different niches within different tree-dominated habitats. For example, small Indian civets attribute importance to:

• Deciduous, open-canopy forests;
• Forest edges.

They avoid the closed-canopy, dense-covered, old-growth evergreen rainforests prioritized by:

• Banded palm civets;
• Jerdon’s brown palm civets;
• Small-toothed palm civets.

They choose mixed deciduous over semi-evergreen forests. Their adaptability equals that of:

• Asian palm and otter civets to selectively logged forests;
• Asian palm, large Indian, Malay, and otter civets to secondary forests;
• Gem-faced masked palm civets to disturbed forests;
• Large Indian and Malabar large-spotted civets to plantations;
• Large-spotted civets to grasslands and riverine galley forests;
• Otter and Owston’s banded palm civets to bamboo forests;
• Sri Lankan brown, dry-zone, and wet-zone palm civets to wooded lowlands.

Small Indian civets have:

• Brown-yellow-grey fur;
• Darkened lower-limbs;
• 5+ dark, longitudinal, mid-dorsal bands;
• Flanks with 4+ dark-spotted longitudinal rows;
• 3 neck-and-shoulder stripes;
• 20 clawed digits.

Their brown-grey heads highlight:

• Dusky patches behind close-set, rounded ears and under dark-adapted, vertical-pupilled eyes;
• Long, super-sensory whiskers;
• Narrow, short muzzles.

Their tapering tails sequence 14 – 18 black-and-white rings. Their mature head-tail physiques showcase:

• Dentition -- 12 incisors, 4 canines, 16 premolars, 8 molars;
• Ear lengths -- 1 – 1.5 inches (2.54 – 3.81 centimeters);
• Head-and-body lengths -- 20.87 – 22.84 inches (53 – 58 centimeters);
• Hind-paw lengths – 4 inches (10.16 centimeters);
• Shoulder heights -- 9.05 inches (23 centimeters);
• Tail lengths -- 14.96 – 16.93 inches (38 – 43 centimeters);
• Weights -- 4.96 – 6.06 pounds (2.25 – 2.75 kilograms).

Adaptability, bravery, elusiveness, faithfulness, practicality, and quickness accommodate small Indian civet survival and sustainability. Small Indian civets adapt to expanding urban and shrinking wildland interfaces in agro-industry’s fragmented scrublands. They articulate courage around projectile- and snare-wielding meat, musk, and pelt hunters. They commit to elusiveness by:

• Avoiding home-invaders and predators;
• Communicating by scent;
• Denning in camouflaged burrows and hollow logs;
• Foraging nightly for fruits, insects, roots and small birds, mammals, and reptiles;
• Perfecting arboreal climbs.

They communicate faithfulness in:

• Raising yearly litters of 2+ furry offspring for weaning within 4 months;
• Serving as affectionately loyal pets.

They convey practicality in:

• Controlling pests;
• Dispersing seeds.

They manage super-fast, super-safe forays. They merit:

• Governmental protection;
• Scientific research;
• Wildlife-loving awareness.

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Small Indian Civet, under synonym of Viverra pallida
John Edward Gray, Illustrations of Indian Zoology, Vol. II (1833-1834), Plate 6: Public Domain Mark 1.0, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/IllustrationsOfIndianZoology2/page/n20/mode/1up

Small Indian Civet (Viverricula indica), under synonym of Viverra malaccensis
Johann Christian Daniel Schreber, Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur: Plates 81 - 165 (1774-1846), Plate CXIIB: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31064662

Distribution data from IUCN Red List: Chermundy/IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, species assessors and the authors of the spatial data, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Small_Indian_Civet_area.png

Small Indian Civet subspecies: Viverra bengalensis
John Edward Gray, Illustrations of Indian Zoology, Vol. I (1830-1832), Plate 4: Public Domain Mark 1.0, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/IllustrationsOfIndianZoology1/Hardwicke1#page/n224/mode/1up

Small Indian Civet's native landscapes in Vietnam's Central Highlands
Đông Sơn village, Hòa Hiệp commune, Cư Kuin District, Đắk Lắk Province, Central Highlands, south-central Vietnam: DXLINH, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dong_Son_Village.jpg

Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), upper two skins de-haired
Fur skin collection, Bundes-Pelzfachschule, Frankfurt/Main, southwestern Germany: Mickey Bohnacker, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Viverricula_indica_de-haired_fur_skin.jpg

Small Indian Civet subspecies, Viverricula malaccensis, also known as Viverricula indica muriavensis, southern Java
Collection of Tropenmuseum, Royal Tropical Institute (Dutch: Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen), Amsterdam: Tropenmuseum, part of the National Museum of World Cultures, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Civetkat_(Viverricula_malaccensis)_Zuid-Java_TMnr_10006635.jpg

Viverra schlegeli, Small Indian Civet subspecies on Madagascar and on Mayotte
F.P.L. Pollen and D.C. van Dam. Recherches sur la faune de Madagascar, 2ème partie (1868), Plate 10: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32023396

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Sparse accommodations for Small Indian Civets in native, greatly developed ecosystem of Hong Kong, a world city and commercial-financial powerholder
view from Lugard Road at Victoria Peak, western Hong Kong Island: Haydn Hsin, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Skyline_viewed_from_Victoria_Peak.jpg

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