Small-Toothed Three-Striped Palm Civets (Arctogalidia trivirgata): Non-Ringtails of Southern Asia

by DerdriuMarriner

Mammalogists associate musk with defensive, territorial civets. Perfumists employ it as a scent stabilizer. Female small-toothed three-striped palm civets use it as aphrodisiacs.

The word civet calls to mind both a fragrance and its mammalian source. It originally comes from Arabic by way of French. Acquaintance with civets as affectionate pets and with musk as perfume stabilizers derives from Arabic-speaking traders establishing commercial networks and transportation routes in Africa and Asia.

Challenges never end when it comes to creating, supplying, and sustaining demand for domesticable animals and expensive fragrances. They entail capturing super-clever, super-fast, super-inconspicuous night-foragers. Domesticating civets nevertheless goes easier than de-musking.

Musk-farming involves scraping liquid from scent glands. Not all musk is considered equal, and not all civets produce musk. For example, female small-toothed three-striped palm civets possess scent glands that yield non-perfume-worthy musk.

Small-Toothed Palm Civet marine ecosystems: One Palm Beach, legendary surf break at Indonesia's Panaitan Island

Pulau Panaitan, island in Sunda Strait between Sumatra and westernmost tip of Java (Java Head)
Pulau Panaitan, island in Sunda Strait between Sumatra and westernmost tip of Java (Java Head)

 

Wildlife-lovers generally expect civets to have:

  • Spotted bodies;
  • Striped tails;
  • Strong body odor.

They therefore find small-toothed three-striped palm civets predictable and surprising. Small-toothed three-striped palm civets go through their life cycles and natural histories most inconspicuously. Their bodies have only the subtlest spotting. Striping is limited to three longitudinal lines which run mid-dorsally from shoulders to rump. Their super-long tails lack bands, rings or stripes. Female small-toothed three-striped palm civets alone leave behind fleeting scents. They make musk in diminutive, females-only scent glands. Other civet species typically release musk to:

  • Mark territory;
  • Share information;
  • Stink-bomb predatory mammals, raptors, and reptiles.

But female small-toothed three-striped palm civets only use musk to announce the opening of breeding seasons.

 

Small-Toothed Three-Striped Palm Civets (Arctogalidia trivirgata)

Khao Yai National Park, Nakhon Ratchasima province, northeastern Thailand
Khao Yai National Park, Nakhon Ratchasima province, northeastern Thailand

 

Two sets of names aid in identifying and understanding the world’s known wildlife. One set belongs within popular parlance as the common, trivial, or vernacular name even though scientific influences sometimes prevail. Another set comes from scientific consensus as the binomial (“two-name”), Latin, or taxonomic name. Common terminology describes the opportunistic carnivore in question as the small-toothed three-striped palm civet for:

  • Baring a frugivore’s (“fruit-eater”) small teeth;
  • Bearing three mid-dorsal stripes;
  • Braving heights for palm tree fruits, juices, and toddies.

Scientific wording differs on two emphases and overlaps on a third. The genus name Arctogalidia focuses upon mammalian parallels by joining ancient Greek words:

  • ἄρκτος (arktos, “bear”);
  • Γαλιθιάς (galidias, “little weasel”).  

The species name trivirgata means “three-striped.”

 

John Edward Gray, describer of Small-Toothed Three-Striped Palm Civets (Arctogalidia trivirgata)

1855 albumen print portrait of John Edward Gray; photograph attributed to Maull & Polyblank
1855 albumen print portrait of John Edward Gray; photograph attributed to Maull & Polyblank

 

The scientific community’s formal acquaintance with small-toothed three-striped palm civets dates back to 1831. It deals with the official taxonomic identification by Walsall-born West Midlander John Edward Gray (February 12, 1800 – March 7, 1875), as:

  • London medical student;
  • London’s British Museum taxonomist as insect-collecting volunteer, 1815-, reptile collection cataloguer, 1824-, and zoology keeper, 1840 - 1874;
  • London’s British Museum writer of 1,000+ scientific papers, 1821-;
  • Second husband of Maria Emma Smith (1787 – December 9, 1876), Greenwich Hospital-born algologist, conchologist, and natural history illustrator, 1826-.

The Gray taxonomy draws upon a specimen from the Reinwardt collections gathered in the Indo-Australian Archipelago during 1821 and stored in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (“National Museum of Natural History”), Leiden, Netherlands.

 

Small-toothed Palm Civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata) range

Distribution data from IUCN Red List
Distribution data from IUCN Red List

 

Bio-geographies differentiate subspecies. They may be endemic to:

  • Borneo:

Arctogalidia trivirgata stigmaticus per Temminck, 1853;

  • India:

A.t. millsi (Nagaland) per Wroughton, 1921;

  • Indonesia:

A.t. inornata (Bunguran) per Miller, 1901;

A.t. minor (Belitung) per Lyon, 1906;

A.t. simplex (Lingga) per Miller, 1902;

A.t. sumatrana (Sumatra), tingia (Tebing Tinggi) per Lyon, 1908;

A.t. trilineata (Java) per Wagner, 1841;

  • Malaysia:

A.t. bancana (Peninsula) per Schwarz, 1913.

Or they may not:

  • A.t. macra (Langkawi [Malaysia], Letsok-aw [Myanmar], Tarutao [Thailand]) per Miller, 1913;
  • A.t. fusca (Kundur, Merbau, Sugi Islands, Indonesia), major (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam) per Miller, 1906;
  • A.t. leucotis (Assam, Kadan Kyun [Myanmar], Thailand) per Horsfield, 1851;
  • A.t. trivirgata (Malaysian Borneo, Peninsula), encompassing Miller’s (1913) bicolor (Kalimantan), depressa (Bintan), mima (Batam).

 

Small-Toothed Palm Civet landscape: outskirts of Myanmar's largest city, Yangon

Popular park near downtown Yangon (Rangoon): Kandawgyi Lake
Popular park near downtown Yangon (Rangoon): Kandawgyi Lake

 

The bio-geographical distributions and ranges of small-toothed three-striped palm civets center upon:

  • Close-canopied, dense, evergreen, primary-growth, tall rainforests;
  • Remote altitudes up to 3,937.01+ feet (1,200+ meters) above sea level.

But they also find sustainable niches within such habitats as:

  • Disturbed forests experiencing active logging and extensive clear-cutting for coconut plantation agriculture;
  • Elevations up to 4,757.22 feet (1,450 meters) above sea level;
  • Lowland mature coniferous or semi-evergreen forests surrounded by disturbed secondary-growth scrub forests;
  • Mixed coniferous forests.

Small-toothed three-striped palm civets essentially need the above-mentioned sylvan habitats to:

  • Cluster in large fruiting fig trees (Ficus spp);
  • Den in tree forks and hollows and on tree branches;
  • Forage nightly for frogs, fruits, insects, lizards, nesting birds, and small mammals.

 

Arctogalidia fusca, subspecies of Small-Toothed Three-Striped Palm Civet, has cuticles (hair shaft's outermost covering) with an imbricate (flattened) scale pattern.

"The microscopic structures in the hairs of mammals . . . have been found useful for the purposes of identification." (p. 496); Dr. Leon Augustus Hausman, "Structural Characteristics of the Hair of Mammals."
The American Naturalist, vol. LIV, no. 635 (November-December 1920), Plate I Figure 1, p. 498
The American Naturalist, vol. LIV, no. 635 (November-December 1920), Plate I Figure 1, p. 498

 

Small-toothed three-striped palm civets attain 10+-year lifespans. After 45-day gestations, females bi-annually deliver 3 beige-furred offspring. Newborns hear and see in 11 days. They ingest solid-food diets 2 months after birth. Physical and sexual maturity involves:

  • Beige, brown-grey, red-brown heads;
  • Big, dark-adapted, rounded eyes;
  • Brown muzzles;
  • Dusk-brown to grey-black ears, feet, and tails;
  • Red-brown under-pelage;
  • Tawny-buff short flank fur;
  • 3 black or black-brown, longitudinal, mid-dorsal stripes;
  • White streaking, nose to forehead.

It realizes:

  • Ear lengths of 1.10 – 1.65 inches (2.8 – 4.2 centimeters);
  • Head-and-body lengths of 17.32 – 23.62 inches (44 – 60 centimeters);
  • Hind-paw lengths of 2.91 – 3.15 inches (7.4 – 8 centimeters);
  • Tail lengths of 18.90 – 25.99 inches (48 – 66 centimeters);
  • Weights of 4.41 – 5.51 pounds (2 – 2.5 kilograms).

 

Arctogalidia from Sarawak: A = left fore foot, digits fully extended; B = left hind foot, digits fully extended

R.I. Pocock, "On the Feet and Glands and other External Characters of the Paradoxurine Genera"
Proceedings of General Meetings for Scientific Business of Zoological Society of London, Part III (September 1915), Fig. 3, p. 391
Proceedings of General Meetings for Scientific Business of Zoological Society of London, Part III (September 1915), Fig. 3, p. 391

Conclusion: An abundance of teeth and sharp claws are not sufficient to protect Small-Toothed Three-Striped Palm Civets from expanding agro-industrialism, predatory raptors, and zealous snare-trappers

 

Predatory raptors endanger small-toothed three-striped palm civets less than predatory mammals and reptiles. Agro-industrialists, over-hunters, and reticulated pythons (Python reticulatus) leave:

  • Declining, isolated, and stressed populations;
  • Degraded, fragmented, and reduced habitats.

Against mammalian snare-trappers and reptilian squeezers, small-toothed three-striped palm civets need more than:

  • 12 incisors, 4 canines, 16 premolars, and 8 molars;
  • 20 curved, retractile, sharp claws.

Their bio-geographies pick up the slack by including:

  • Bangladesh, China, and Singapore;
  • Protected areas (Cambodia’s Keo Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area, Java’s Gunung Gede, Gunung Halimun, and Ujung Kulon National Parks, Malaysia’s and Thailand’s Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve, Malaysian Borneo’s Tawau Hills National Park, Vietnam’s Cát Tiên National Park).

Government-funded research and wildlife-lover activism likewise strengthen small-toothed three-striped palm civet sustainability.

 

Rhinarium of Arctogalidia, seen from front (A) and above (B)

Proceedings of General Meetings for Scientific Business of Zoological Society of London, Part III (September 1915), Fig. 4, p. 396
Proceedings of General Meetings for Scientific Business of Zoological Society of London, Part III (September 1915), Fig. 4, p. 396

Acknowledgment

 

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

 

Image Credits

 

Pulau Panaitan, island in Sunda Strait between Sumatra and westernmost tip of Java (Java Head): Massew64, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_Palm_Point,_Panaitan_Island.JPG

Small-Toothed Three-Striped Palm Civets (Arctogalidia trivirgata)
Khao Yai National Park, Nakhon Ratchasima province, northeastern Thailand: tontantravel (Tontan Travel), CC BY SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Small-toothed_Palm_Civet,_Arctogalidia_trivirgata_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_(20757398043).jpg

John Edward Gray, describer of Small-Toothed Three-Striped Palm Civets (Arctogalidia trivirgata)
1855 albumen print portrait of John Edward Gray; photograph attributed to Maull & Polyblank: Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Edward_Gray._Photograph._Wellcome_V0027572.jpg

Distribution data from IUCN Red List: Chermundy/IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, species assessors and the authors of the spatial data, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Small-toothed_Palm_Cive_area.png

Popular park near downtown Yangon (Rangoon): Kandawgyi Lake: Hintha, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kandawgyi_Lake,_Yangon.jpg

Arctogalidia fusca, subspecies of Small-Toothed Three-Striped Palm Civet, has cuticles (hair shaft's outermost covering) with an imbricate (flattened) scale pattern.
The American Naturalist, vol. LIV, no. 635 (November-December 1920), Plate I Figure 1, p. 498: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43255418

Arctogalidia from Sarawak: A = left fore foot, digits fully extended; B = left hind foot, digits fully extended
R.I. Pocock, "On the Feet and Glands and other External Characters of the Paradoxurine Genera."
Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 1915, Part III Containing Pages 299 to 539 (September 1915), Figure 3, p. 391: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31547384

Rhinarium of Arctogalidia, seen from front (A) and above (B)
Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 1915, Part III Containing Pages 299 to 539 (September 1915), Figure 4, p. 396: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31547389

juvenile Asian Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)
Situgede, Bogor, Java: W. Djatmiko, CC BY SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paradox_hermaph_060924_ltn.jpg

 

juvenile Asian Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)

Although Small-Toothed Palm Civets have distinctive head structure and facial expression, under poor field conditions or at a poor angle, they may be confused with Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (R. Eaton et al., p. 17)
Situgede, Bogor, Java
Situgede, Bogor, Java

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Schreiber, A.; Wirth, R.; Riffel, M.; and Van Rompaey, H. 1989. Weasels, Civets, Mongooses, and Their Relatives. An Action Plan for the Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

“Small-toothed Palm Civet Pictures and Facts.” The Website of Everything: Animals > Mammals > Carnivora > Viverridae > Paradoxurinae > Arctogalidia. Retrieved August 4, 2014.

  • Available at: http://thewebsiteofeverything.com/animals/mammals/Carnivora/Viverridae/Arctogalidia/Arctogalidia-trivirgata.html

Veron, Geraldine. 2010. “Phylogeny of the Viverridae and ‘Viverrid-like’ Feliforms.” Pp. 64-90 in Carnivoran Evolution: New Views on Phylogeny, Form and Function edited by Anjali Goswami and Anthony Friscia. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge Studies in Morphology and Molecules.

Walston, J.L.; and Duckworth, J.W. 2003. “The First Record of Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogalidia trivirgata from Cambodia, with Notes on Surveying the Species.” Small Carnivore Conservation 28:12-13.  

Wilson, Don E.; and Cole, F. Russell. 2000. Common Names of Mammals of the World. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Wilson, Don E.; and Reeder, DeeAnn M. (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press.

Wrobel, Murray (Editor). 2007. Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals: Latin English German French Italian. Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier B.V.

 

Small-Toothed Palm Civet island landscape: panorama from top level of northern Sumatra's Mount Sibayak

Mount Sibayak, Karo Regency, North Sumatra
Mount Sibayak, Karo Regency, North Sumatra
the end which is also the beginning
the end which is also the beginning

Ecology of Sumatra by Sengli J. Damanik and Tony Whitten ~ Ecology of Indonesia Series Vol. I

The Ecology of Sumatra distills for the first time information found in nearly 1,500 scholarly works, many only available in Dutch, German, and Indonesian.
Sumatra-themed books

Walker's Mammals of the World (2-Volume Set)

Thoroughly describes every genus of the class Mammalia known to have lived in the last 5,000 years.
Walker's Mammals of the World (2-Volume Set)

Mammals of the World: A Checklist by Andrew Duff and Ann Lawson

This is the first checklist of mammals of the world to include both English and scientific names of every species as well as a brief summary of distribution and habitat.
Mammals of the World: A Checklist

Mountain Jungle Eyes: green t-shirt ~ Available via Amazon

wildlife t-shirt

Me and my purrfectly purrfect Maine coon kittycat, Augusta "Gusty" Sunshine

Gusty and I thank you for reading this article and hope that our product selection interests you; Gusty Gus receives favorite treats from my commissions.
DerdriuMarriner, All Rights Reserved
DerdriuMarriner, All Rights Reserved
Updated: 04/04/2024, DerdriuMarriner
 
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