Cacomistle (Bassariscus sumichrasti): Forest Loving Ringtail of Mexico and Central America

People who share the same first and second names are not necessarily related. Animals and plants whose first and second names repeat can be considered as the equivalents of siblings when it comes to scientific nomenclature. They will be considered as the equivalents of close relatives when the first name is the same and the second differs.

Such can be said of the cacomistle of Central America and Mexico and the ringtail of Mexico and the United States of America. Both mammals look cat-, fox- and raccoon-like even though they each belong to the raccoon-like -- procyonid -- family of mammals. They overlap in bearing the same first name through their categorization in the genus Bassariscus. They nevertheless split over the second name, with cacomistles carrying the species name sumichrasti -- subdivided into subgenera latrans, notinus, oaxacensis, sumichrasti, variabilis -- and ringtails the species name astutus.

As is the case with their ringtail relatives, cacomistles convince viewers of their feline looks with:

• Adult body lengths of 15-18.5 inches (38.1-47 centimeters), shoulder heights of 6.69 inches (17 centimeters) and weights of 2.2-11.02 pounds (1-5 kilograms);
• Siamese cat-like body colors ranging from buff and dark brown to grey.

They give fox-like impressions with their elongated, pointed snouts. They manage effective raccoon imitations with:

• Big, circular, dark black to brown or purple eyes;
• Facial masks;
• Musky body odor, particularly when anxious, frightened or injured.

At the same time, a cacomistle’s eyes may convey the impression that something is not quite right with the “raccoon” in question. A cacomistle’s eyes indeed peer from facial masks which are the reverse of a raccoon’s: white with black edging, not black with white.

Eyeshine designates the color that the eyes appear to be upon reflecting nocturnal or photographic lights. Like ringtails, cacomistles may exhibit one of two colors under such circumstances. Their eyes suggest a raccoon’s when they look or photograph as yellow during nocturnal foraging or photo opportunities. They will not at all when they project the color red.

So cacomistles and ringtails have much in common. The above-mentioned pooling of attributes inspires touting both as the only living species in the

• Genus Bassariscus;

• Subfamily Procyoninae.

It likewise inspires a pooling of common names, with:

• Cacomistles being misidentified as ringtail in English and rintel in Spanish;

• Ringtails being named northern cacomistles in English and cacomixtle norteño in Spanish.

With so many similarities, is it possible to differentiate visually between the two species?

Ears, paws, tails and teeth are keys to knowing whether or not the specimen is a cacomistle. Every cacomistle ear forms into a clearly -- not roundly -- pointed triangle. Every cacomistle paw has a naked sole to which non-retractile -- not retractable -- claws attach. Rather than equivalent body and tail lengths, every cacomistle tail -- reaching adults lengths of 15-21 inches (38.1-53.34 centimeters) -- is about 1.25 times body length. Rather than lending themselves to countability through consistently demarcated rings, every cacomistle's tail quickly will fade from buff-and-black rings at the top into solid blackness well before the tip.

The last major physical difference can be the most challenging to ascertain. It is a brave -- and foolhardy? -- feat to verify the lower-lying ridges connecting a cacomistle's molar and premolar cusps. Among wildlife, the equivalent of a smile -- showing one's teeth -- may be neither friendly nor reassuring to behold. In the cacomistle's case, it reveals 40 dauntingly sharp teeth, of which the canines particularly are well-developed.

Diet, habitat and range further distinguish cacomistles. Cacomistles and ringtails function as carnivores whose meat-eating preferences yield to the omnivorous realities of opportunistic feeding. Cacomistles generally favor as food sources:

• Birds;

• Eggs (amphibian, avian, reptilian);

• Insects;

• Lizards and snakes;

• Mice;

• Tree frogs.

But bromeliads and fruits represent every cacomistle's absolutely favorite food group.

The bromeliads that appeal to cacomistles do not grow in soil. They grow on trees. They hold water reserves -- enriched with floating animals and insects -- which satiate hungry, thirsty cacomistles.

Favorite fruits include bananas, papayas, and wild figs. Harvest time may provide excellent opportunities for viewing female and male, older and younger cacomistles. Trees in fruit will cause one of nature's quietest, shyest mammals to gather in groups of 5 to 9 for super-loud munching and noise-making.

Cacomistle dietary preferences betray the lush environments which they call home. Scientists consider cacomistles native to Central America, from south-central Mexico through western Panama. They guesstimate cacomistle populations as:

• More established in Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras;

• Rare in Panama (other than around Lake Bayano);

• Sporadic in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Mexico (especially the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Veracruz);

• Unknown in Nicaragua.

In six of eight known host countries, cacomistles appreciate forest ecosystems at altitudes from sea level up to 6,562 feet (2,000.1 meters). They build dens in cavities or on tree branches and forks amid the middle and upper canopy levels of tropical rainforests -- cloud and evergreen, lowland and mountain -- and wet woodlands. Exceptions include:

• During super-moisture-laden years, cacomistles may escape heavy floods and high water levels by migrating into drier, deciduous-populated scrub and secondary forests.

• In Costa Rica, they tend to make atypical habitat choices in settling oak forests and overgrown pastures year-round.

Wherever they live, cacomistles commit to solitary lives. Home is located within a 20- to 136-hectare (49.42-336.06-acre) range which will be occupied by no more than one female and one male. Each range is non-overlapping and left physically unmarked. Scientists nevertheless suspect that some of the carrying, loud calling which cacomistles sustain for hours at a stretch may not only account for the Spanish common names guayanoche ("night-crier"), mico de noche ("night monkey") and mico rayado ("striped monkey") -- but also relate to vocally delimiting territories.

Solitary confinement ends annually with mating. Female cacomistles have a 44-day window of sexual opportunity -- through the monoestrous cycle -- anytime between February and June. Yearly, they mate just once, on one day, with one male. Sixty-three to sixty-six dates of gestation generally produces one offspring.

Cacomistle cubs are born blind. They average birth weights of 25 grams (0.88 ounces). They open their eyes five weeks later. They take solid food another 102 weeks afterward. They will learn foraging and survival skills yet another 1-2 weeks later.

From gestation through weaning, the father assumes responsibility for supplying mother and offspring with food. The six-month role can increase viewer chances of observing adult male cacomistles. Males often may be found catching a few tranquil winks of sleep during the day -- among tree roots, away -- but near to -- the family nest. They sometimes may be viewed playing -- if the mother so permits -- with offspring.

A cub can be weaned 12 weeks after birth. Hunting constitutes yet another skill which is transmitted from mother to offspring. A cub is sexually mature at 10 months. Every cub then will disperse to:

• Claim individual, non-overlapping, proximitous territories; 

• Construct dens;

• Ensure succeeding generations of cacomistles.

Cacomistle longevity thus far peaks at 23 years in captivity. It remains unknown in the wild. It undoubtedly responds to the vigilance of cacomistle predators:

• Boas and pythons;

• High-woods dogs;

• Ocelots;

• Raptors.

Particularly in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, humankind emerges as the cacomistle's most fearsome predator. Indigenous Central Americans continue centuries-old rituals of hunting cacomistles for tasty flesh and warm furs. Some purport self-defense and survival against cacomistle forays for domestic poultry. Clearing land for agro-industrial expansion and residential development likewise threatens cacomistle populations through:

• Deforestation;

• Habitat fragmentation and loss.

The elusiveness of the cacomistle -- whose behavior can be more easily tamed than domesticated -- can be counterproductive to protective measures. Cacomistles generally face daily survival threats under unprotected circumstances. There nevertheless is cause for hope -- and the setting of precedents? -- in the legal coverage afforded cacomistles by Belize's:

• Cockscomb Basin Reserve (La Reserva natural de Cockscomb);

• Wildlife Protection Act.

Similarly friendly, supporting environmental endeavors also may be found in:

• El Salvador's Monte Cristo National Park (El Parque Nacional Montecristo);

• Panama's Volcan Baro National Park (El Parque Nacional Volcán Barú).
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Until sustainability becomes the norm in development, the above-mentioned legislation, parks and reserves represent next-best effort to ensure the survival and respect the privacy of Central America's cloud-watching, tree-hugging cacomistles.

My special thanks to:

• Talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the Internet;

• Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Bassariscus sumichrasti. es.wikipedia.org. Retrieved December 17, 2013.

• Available at: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassariscus_sumichrasti

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• Available at: http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=621965

Bassariscus sumichrasti. speciesplus.net. Retrieved December 17, 2013.

• Available at: http://www.speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/5322/legal

Cacomistle (Bassariscus sumichrasti). arkive.org. Retrieved December 17, 2013.

• Available at: http://www.arkive.org/cacomistle/bassariscus-sumichrasti/

Cacomistle (Bassariscus sumichrasti). wildlifenorthamerica.com. Retrieved December 17, 2013.

• Available at: http://www.wildlifenorthamerica.com/Mammal/Cacomistle/Bassariscus/sumichrasti.html

Cacomistle pictures and facts. thewebsiteofeverything.com. Retrieved December 17, 2013.

• Available at: http://thewebsiteofeverything.com/animals/mammals/Carnivora/Procyonidae/Bassariscus/Bassariscus-sumichrasti.html

Eisenberg J.F. (1989). Mammals of the Neotropics. Volume 1: The Northern Neotropics. University of Chicago Press.

Lundrigan B. and Zachariah T. 2001). Bassariscus sumichrasti cacomistle. In: Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved December 17, 2013.

• Available at: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Bassariscus_sumichrasti.html

"Procyonids: Raccoons, Ringtails & Coatis." Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Retrieved December 17, 2013.

• Available at: http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_procyonids.html

Samudio R., Pino J.L., & Heigen K. (2008). Bassariscus sumichrasti. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved December 17, 2013.

• Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/2613/0

Wilson D.E. and Reeder D.M. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press.