Wisconsin's Natural Bridge State Park: Arch, Rockshelter, Shade-Tolerant Flora of Medicinal Interest

Wisconsin's Natural Bridge State Park can be accessed by Sauk County Highway C. The access can be from the north by Baraboo. Or it can be from the south by Sauk City. By either approach, the highway conducts visitors to an area between the unincorporated communities of Denzer and Leland. The town of Honey Creek fills the above-mentioned in-between area. It includes within its limits the 530-acre (214.48-hectare) tract that now bears the name Natural Bridge State Park.

Geography and geology account for the tract warranting the protective designation and status of state park. In terms of geography, the tract is located within the Baraboo Range. The range occupies the fringes of the Great Driftless Area in the midwestern United States of America.

The term driftless describes land that was not glaciated during the last Ice Age. It therefore introduces the impact of geological processes upon terrain. Specifically, glaciation leaves permanent marks upon the landscape from the frozen millennia of its duration and the scouring ravages of its spring thaws, soil percolation, and atmospheric evaporation.

A lack of glaciation allowed sandstone outcroppings to build up and jut out within the Driftless Area. A lack of scouring left the sandstone outcroppings intact and unbroken by rolling boulders and rushing waters. A lack of shelter beneath icy layers and of trauma during global thawing let these same outcrops respond gently to slow, steady erosive weathering by area rainfall and winds.

Water and wind erosion indeed are creators of the natural arch and bridge for which the tract claims more than 10,000 years of admiration from area humans. The bridge is 40 feet (12.19 meters) from the ground. Its underlying arch reaches a maximum height of 35 feet (10.67 meters) and width of 25 feet (7.62 meters).

The arch contains some of the oldest sandstone in the United States. The sandstone dates back 1.6 billion years to the Cambian era. The arch also holds a record as the largest natural manifestation of its kind in Wisconsin and the entire Midwest.

The arch appeals timelessly to human populations for two practical reasons in particular. One practicality concerns the availability of safe, secure, straightforward transportation across the overlying bridge. This role of the bridge in facilitating access between two similarly wildlife-abundant areas is historically important. The bridge in fact links the northern vegetation-rich tract of birds and small mammals with the southern vegetation-rich tract of birds and mammals of larger and smaller sizes.

The other practicality concerns the possibility of shelter from extreme temperatures and severe weather. Where natural processes leave vertical openings such as arches, they well may leave horizontal openings such as shelters. Such indeed will be seen to be the case with the Rockshelter at Natural Bridge State Park.

The Rockshelter of Natural Bridge State Park may be about the same age as that of the more visible arch and bridge. It measures 60 feet (18.29 meters) wide. It measures 30 feet (9.14 meters) deep. Wisconsin Historical Society Anthropologist Warren L. Wittry (May 24, 1927-December 15, 1995) explored the Rockshelter in 1954. He gave a tentative age of 6,000 to 7,000 years to the available evidence regarding ancient human use. He revised that date to 10,000 to 12,000 years after excavations in 1957.

Dr. Wittry had the Rockshelter excavated to a depth of 9.5 feet (2.89 meters). Excavation produced 15 mollusc and 50 vertebrate fossil species at the time of human habitation. Included among wildlife remains were representatives of the following species:

• Bobcat (Lynx rufus);
• Elk (Cervus canadensis);
• Fisher (Martes pennanti);
• Marten (Martes americana);
• Mountain lion (Puma concolor);
• Passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius);
• Turkey (Melleagris spp);
• Wolf (Canis lupus).

Scholars consider the Rockshelter as serving first as a seasonal hunting camp or temporary shelter to the ancient Native Americans of 9000 to 8000 B.C. because of such artifacts as:

• Antler-scrapers;
• Charred wood, most likely from fire pits.

They hypothesize that the shelter subsequently became a year-round abode for ancient woodland-dwelling Native Americans. They suspect that the following advantages were irresistible:

• Accessibility to abundant animals and edible and medicinal plants;
• Availability of the bridge for look-out points and transportation;
• Protection from inclement weather.

If the above-mentioned information holds true with research and technology, then the Rockshelter adds another accolade to the park's distinctive profile. Human residence 12,000 years back confers the status of the oldest dated humaninhabited site in Wisconsin. It also makes the Rockshelter the oldest dated site of its kind within the Midwest and the entire northeastern North American continent.

It is fortuitous for park scientists and visitors that the Rockshelter's evidence survived the passage of time. That passage may not be described as without challenge. Specifically, the site was known to and used by:

• Native American woodland tribes;
• European settlers.

In terms of Native American tribes, area visitors may have included the ancestors of today's populations of:

• Ho-Chunk (Winnebago);
• Menominee;
• Ojibwa (Chippewa);
• Oneida:
• Pottawatomi;
• Stockbridge-Munsee.

Members of the Fox and Sauk tribes also may have stopped by. But the visits would have ended not too long after European settlement.

European settlers knew of the arch, bridge and shelter. The site was a popular recreation and tourist site as of 1870. Visitors were welcome to:

• Camp;
• Dance, perform or pray when planks were put down for church, school or social gatherings;
• Picnic;
• Visit a museum set up by the owners;
• Walk along trails.

But on November 9, 1972, the site became a state park. The Department of Natural Resources bought the area from the Carr family for $218,000 on January 11. The park received the designation of Natural Bridge and Rockshelter State Natural Area for the arch and adjoining 60-acre (24-hectare) section in April 1973.

Four hundred acres (161.87 hectares) of the park's total area are wooded. Only 5-1/2 acres (2.23 hectares) are developed. Developed acreage involves park areas that are modified to accommodate visitors.

Modifications include public restrooms, signage, and transportation routes. Paths may be made of crushed rocks or packed earth. Pavement occurs in the entrance and parking lot. Wooden staircases take visitors over challenging terrain. Signage will be found along the trails.

The park has two trails. One is the Indian Moccasin Nature Trail of interpretive signage around the arch, bridge, and Rockshelter. The other is the Whitetail Walking Trail into the park's southern half, for hikers and hunters of such autumnal game animals as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

Interpretive signage highlights park vegetation. The vegetation is interesting because of its drought and shade tolerances. It also is interesting because of traditional cultural roles, medicinal values, and multiple uses.

Basswood (Tilia americana) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) are associated strongly with woodland Native American society. Strong cultural associations arise when vegetation assures pivotal societal needs. Basswood inner bark is stripped, soaked, separated, seeped, dyed and banded into string for fish and wildlife traps and into textiles for:

• Blankets;
• Clothes;
• Hangings.

Paper birch helpfully lends the following:

• Branches and trunk to firewood and kitchen utensils;
• Inner bark to kitchen utensils and red dye;
• Outer bark to candles, canoes, containers, and wigwam covers.

Veritable medicine chests can be opened with prickly ash (Aralia spinosa) and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Prickly ash deals with:

• Breathing problems, through berry-and-bark syrup;
• Chest/throat sores, through hot water-soaked berry salves;
• Toothaches, through chewing powder from inner bark.
• Quaking aspen heals:
• Colds and coughs, through drinkable buds boiled in fat;
• Cuts and wounds, through sapling bark poultices;
• Fever and pain, through salves of animal fat and ashes from burned bark and leaves.

Other medicinal plants include:

• Common juniper (Juniperuscommunis), against urinary blockage;
• Goldenrod (Solidago spp) flowers against fever, and stem galls against insomnia and kidney problems;
• Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), against fever and syphilis;
• Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), against lung problems;
• Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), against muscle-ache.

Multi-purpose vegetation includes edibles:

• Blackberries (Rubus allegheniensis):  Canes against sore eyes, and roots against cholera and diarrhea;
• Black cherry (Prunus serotina):  Inner bark against colds and coughs;
• Frost grapes (Vitis riparia):  Roots against insanity, sap against irregularity, and twigs for afterbirth;
• Hickory (Carya ovata) wood for bows;
• Lichen against blood/intestinal irregularity;
• New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus):  Roots against mucous membrane inflammation and snakebite;
• Oak (Quercus spp):  Bark for dye, and wood for awls and wigwams;
• Prickly gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati), against sore eyes and uterine problems.

Other multi-purpose plants range from red maple (Acer rubrum), as sources of eye washes and wildlife trap scent-removers, to slippery elm (Ulnus rubra), with:

• Basket-, rope-making outer bark;
• Boil- and inflamation-breaking poultices;
• Thirst-quenching, wigwam-making inner bark.

The most welcome multi-purpose plant undoubtedly remains wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), with:

• Leaves and roots against diarrhea;
• Roots against intestinal/stomach irregularity;
• Seeds crushed into amorous perfumes and aphrodisiacs.