Olingos (Bassaricyon): Balsa-Pollinating, Fig-Propagating Exotic Pet of Central and South America

Kinkajous appear to be the olingo’s closest relatives. Kinkajous and olingos are reminiscent of one another in body features and environmental habits. The two can be described as nocturnal arborealists of Central and South America’s montane forests. They even cooperate with hunts, mealtimes, and socializations. Reticent kinkajous and retiring olingos indeed forage together for ground-dwelling amphibians and arthropods. They even like feeding at the same fruit trees, particularly if the harvest is tomato-sized wild figs (Ficus spp). They each love to apply mouthfuls of 40 razor-sharp teeth to communicating loudly and eating noisily. But in so doing, they reveal individual differences:

• Kinkajous have extrudable tongues and prehensile tails; 
• Olingos have longer, tapering muzzles and musky body odor.

Olingos actually are far less closely related to kinkajous than they are to coatis. Scientists attribute the sharing of some habitual behaviors and physical features to parallel evolution, not to close relationships. They describe kinkajous and olingos as evidencing in appearance and behavior the influences -- along separate developmental paths -- of:

• Shared genetic ancestry;
• Similar environmental challenges.  

Common ancestry goes back to the oldest known procyonid, the bassarisks (Bassaricyon), whose existence predates their oldest-known evidence, a 20,000,000+-year-old fossil. In pursuit of omnivorous over carnivorous diets, bassarisks may have diverged from the Canidae family of coyotes, dogs, foxes, jackals, and wolves. They may have diversified about 22,600,000 years ago into the subfamilies of:

• Potosinae (kinkajous);
• Procyoninae (non-kinkajou bassarisks).

Non-kinkajou procyonids are thought to have diverged about 17,700,000 years ago into the two disparate tribes of:

• Raccoons and ringtails;
• Coatis and olingos.

Scientists consider non-kinkajou procyonids as diversifying about 10,200,000 years ago into the four distinct subtribes of:

• Cacomistles and ringtails;
• Coatis;
• Olingos;
• Raccoons.

They hypothesize Central America as the homeland of kinkajou and non-kinkajou procyonids. They identify as critical to the procyonids’ southward dispersals -- about 7,300,000 years ago -- the Central American Seaway’s closing by the volcanically-formed Isthmus of Panama. The Seaway is thought to have formed about 200,000,000 years ago with the break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea (from which the African, American, Antarctic, Australian, and Eurasian continents and the Indian subcontinent are formed).

Scientists attribute the formation of the Isthmus of Panama to the activity of underwater volcanoes in the ancient Central American Seaway. Accumulations of lava and sediment explain the creation of the Panamanian land bridge between Nearctic and Neotropic ecozones in the Western Hemisphere. By fostering one of the world’s greatest “hotspots” of biodiversity, Central America still honors the terrestrial connections thereby established anciently between north and south. It is the focal point from which freshwater fauna and flora realize naturalizations northward into temperate climates and southward into subtropical and tropical climes. It is the homeland in which the ancestors of cacomistles stayed put and from which the ancestors of coatis, kinkajous and olingos sent intrepid explorers southward.

The resulting Great American Biotic Interchange of animals and plants accounts for the olingo genus diversifying into four species:

• Central American (Bassaricyon gabbii);
• Eastern lowland (Bassaricyon alleni);
• Mountain (Bassaricyon neblina);
• Western lowland (Bassaricyon medius).

As Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Mammals Department Curator, Dr. Kristofer Helgen considers olinguitos venturing -- about 3,500,000 years ago -- toward Colombia’s and Ecuador’s foggy, forested Western Andes Mountains. He describes Central American olingos as stay-at-homes -- about 1,800,000 years ago -- in highland and lowland Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama. He identifies lowland olingos as diversifying about 1,300,000 years ago into migrants:

• East of the Andes into Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela;
• West of the Andes into Colombia, Ecuador and Panama.

Scientists generally consider current olingo populations healthy in size but mysterious in existence. Despite ancient lineages, olingos constitute recent scientific discoveries. Only 137 years divide the official descriptions of the olingo genus Bassaricyon by zoologist Joel Asaph Allen (July 19, 1838 – August 29, 1921) in 1876 and of the olinguito species, B. neblina, by Dr. Helgen in 2013. The reasons for the general unfamiliarity to non-locals and scientists lie in:

• Collectors confusing quieter, shyer olingos for noisier, more sociable kinkajous;
• Olingos favoring arboreal, nocturnal, solitary lifestyles along the epiphyte-, fruit- and insect-laden branches and in the hidden hollows of large trees in subtropical and tropical rainforests away from the disturbed environments of agro-industrial plantations and secondary forests.

Olingos in fact are eligible for the designation “survivalists.” They flourish in one of the world’s most biologically diverse and environmentally threatened biomes. Scientists usually identify olingos as non-threatened wildlife of humid, lofty, lush biotopes despite neotropical habitats being decreased -- as much as 42% -- by the late 20^th- and early 21^st-century activities of:

• Agro-industrialists;
• Loggers;
• Poachers;
• Vacationers.

Some of the olingo’s researchers mull the appropriateness of moving the keystone mammal into the category of “near-threatened” in the face of:

• Monoculture afforestation;
• Mountain deforestation.

But the present remains tentatively safe for olingos since they are not as “marketable” as kinkajous. For example, poachers tend to avoid musk-smelling olingo flesh and fur for musk-free kinkajou meat and pelts.

Area villagers and small-scale farmers nevertheless appreciate young olingos as trainable wild pets. The olingo female delivers one blind, deaf, immobile, near-naked newborn about 73-74 days after mating during the year’s dry season. The newborn, who hovers around a birth weight of 1.94 ounces (55 grams), depends upon the mother. The father generally favors a solitary existence within a 57-acre (23-hectare) home range. But within one month, quick-learning baby olingos manage to open their eyes. Two months after birth, the olingo baby masticates solid food. By the age of 21-24 months, the juvenile olingo reaches sexual maturity. It tends to be in the 18-20 months preceding sexual maturity that olingos cooperate with a loose domestication by villagers.

The adult olingo’s features are charming combinations of:

• Bear-like gaits on paws with curved claws, flattened toes, and hairy soles;
• Cat-like sizes, with hind legs longer than forelimbs;
• Fox-like snouts, with rounded ears and eyes above greyish muzzles;
• Raccoon-like tails, with 11-13 faintly darkened, regularly spaced bands;
• Squirrel-like movements, with reversible ankles for descending slopes and trunks head-first.

The thick fur’s mature colors articulate:

• Browns and grays for tails and upper parts;
• Creams and yellows on the underparts;
• Yellows on the sides of the head and throat.

Mature head-and-body lengths average 12-19 inches (30-47 centimeters). Mature tail lengths can range from 14-21 inches (35-53 centimeters). Mature weights hover between 2.4 and 3.5 pounds (1.1 and 1.58 kilograms).

Juvenile olingos acquiesce to affectionate, loyal interactions with humankind. They are capable of modifying nocturnal lifestyles when human friends build stilt and tree houses and leave diurnally fresh fruits and vegetables. They assume canine- and feline-like behaviors targeting small lizards and mammals that dismay foster families. But sexual maturity complicates relationships since adult males prioritize pursuing females in heat during each year’s dry season. Additional interventions against domestication include:

• Energetic propensities toward nightly jumps, leaps and runs;
• Four sets of non-retractable claws in need of digging, grasping and tearing to control overgrowth;
• Four sets of teeth -- left and right lower- and upper-jawed -- each expressing carnassial dental formulas of three incisors, one canine, four premolars, and two molars.

Olingo species individualize:

• Color and length of pelage and snouts;
• Length of ears and tails;
• Shape of postdental palatal shelf;
• Size of auditory bullae and meati, cheekteeth, and skulls.

Each inspires recollecting and reinterpreting data against previous misidentification and misinformation. The most mysterious is the olinguito while the least -- but not by much -- is Mesoamerica’s Bassaricyon gabbii. Habitat protection, nature preserves, scientific technology, and zoological parks promise all olingos sustainable futures. The first steps down 1,000-mile (1,609.34-kilometer) journeys to sustainability’s wisdom respect deep truths deducible from the genius of Leonardo daVinci (April 15, 1452 - May 2, 1519) and of Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 - April 18, 1955):

• Let nature be free;
• Let nature be understood. 

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

ZooParc de Bauval, Saint-Aignan, Loir-et-Cher, Central France: frank wouters from antwerpen, belgium, België, Belgique, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kinkajou2.jpg

Marwell Wildlife, Owslebury, Hampshire County, south England: big-ashb, (CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/26673904@N00/10315935213

Great American Biotic Interchange was caused by the tectonic creation of the Isthmus of Panama in the late Pliocene.: Woudloper, CC BY SA 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_American_Biotic_Interchange_examples.svg

Relative tail length of Bassaricyon gabbii shown longer than average: Nancy Halliday, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustrations_of_the_species_of_Bassaricyon_-_ZooKeys-324-001-g003.jpg: via Pensoft Publishers/ZooKeys @ https://zookeys.pensoft.net/showimg.php?filename=oo_26184.jpg

K. Helgen et al., Taxonomic revision of the olingos, ZooKeys, 324 (Aug. 15, 2013), Fig. 11, p. 27: CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bioclimatic_and_geographic_distribution_models_and_localities_for_Bassaricyon_species_-_ZooKeys-324-001-g011.jpg; via Pensoft Publishers/ZooKeys @ https://zookeys.pensoft.net/showimg.php?filename=oo_26196.jpg

Las Pampas, adjacent to Otonga Reserve, northwestern Pichincha province, northwestern Ecuador: Patricio Asimbaya and Leonel Velásquez (P. Asimbaya y L. Velásquez), CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bassaricyon_medius_close-up.jpg

tayra eating fruit: Tambako the Jaguar, CC BY ND 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/8070463@N03/9738954782/

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Monteverde Hummingbird Gallery, northwestern Costa Rica: Jeremy Gatten, CC BY SA 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/20408991@N03/4139931393

Balsa, Ochroma pyramidale: Barry Stock (squarerootofftwo), CC BY-SA 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/74388673@N00/8227847873

observant olingo on branch: Paula Moirano (paulaem), CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/24197291@N00/1473180019

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