Beckwith, Martha Warren. 1940. Hawaiian Mythology. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.
Carroll, Rick, 1996. Hawai’i’s best spooky tales: the original. Honolulu HI: Bess Press.
Corpuz, Xyron Levi. 7 October 2021. “Hawaiian legends say one glance at the night marchers could mean the end of your life.” Brigham Young University-Hawaii > Ke Alaka’i The Leader. Copyrighted 2024.
Available @ https://kealakai.byuh.edu/hawaiian-legends-say-one-glance-at-the-night-marchers-could-mean-the-end-of-your-life
Engelow, Jill. “Night Marchers.” Maui Magazine > Talk Story > Locals Know > Archive > September-October 2009. Copyrighted Maui Nō Ka ʻOi Magazine / Flagship Publishing.
Available @ https://www.mauimagazine.net/night-marchers/
Hawaii News Now. 31 October 2014. “Exploring the legend of the Night Marchers.” Hawaii News Now. Copyrighted 2002-2024 Hawaii News Now. A Gray Local Media Station.
Available @ https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/27171113/exploring-the-legend-of-the-night-marchers/
Hawaiians. “The Legend of the Night Marchers." In: "Hawaiian Myths and Legends: Stories From The Pacific.” Hawaiians > Essentials > Culture > Hawaii’s Culture > Hawaii’s Cultural Information > Culture Essentials. Copyrighted 2024 Hawaiians.com.
Available @ https://www.hawaiians.com/hawaiian-myths-and-legends-stories-from-the-pacific/#:~:text=Travelers%20can%20experience%20these%20myths%20and
Ho’okahua Hawaiian Cultural Vibrancy Group. October 2014. “Pō Kāne: When Spirits Haunt the Night.” Ka’iwakīloumoku Pacific Indigenous Institute > Collections > Essays > Digital Collections > Exploring Cultural Identity: Essays. Copyrighted Kamehameha Schools.
Available @ https://kaiwakiloumoku.ksbe.edu/article/essays-po-kane-when-spirits-haunt-the-night#:~:text=P%C5%8D%20K%C4%81ne%20is%20a%20night%20that
Johnson, Scott A. 14 October 2007. “The Night Marchers.” Dread Central.
Available @ https://www.dreadcentral.com/cold-spots/5084/the-night-marchers/
Kapanui, Lopaka. 24 November. “The Legendary Night Marchers.” Mysteries of Hawaii > Hawaii’s Most Haunted. Copyrighted 2009-2022.
Available @ https://www.mysteries-of-hawaii.com/hawaiis-most-haunted/night-marchers
Kapanui, Lopaka. 2005. Haunted Hawaiian Nights. Honolulu HI: Mutual Publishing LLC.
Lee, Diane, 6 September 2018. “Friday Night Frights: The Legend of Hawai’i’s Night Marchers.” Honolulu Magazine > The Magazine > Issue Archive [page 5 of 10] > Honolulu Magazine – October 2014 [page 1 of 2] > Halloween. Story originally appeared online October 2014. All rights reserved. Honolulu Magazine member of aio Family of Companies.
Available @ https://www.honolulumagazine.com/friday-night-frights-the-legend-of-hawaiis-night-marchers/#:~:text=Hawai%E2%80%98i%E2%80%99s%20night%20marchers,%20the%20phantoms%20of
Marriner, Derdriu. 6 February 2021. "Huakai Po Nightmarchers Act Unlike Magnum's Killer on the Midnight Shift." Earth and Space News. Saturday.<br />
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/huakai-po-nightmarchers-act-unlike.html
McElroy, Kalena. 5 September 2018. “Huaka’i Pō: The Legend of the Hawaiian Night Marchers.” The Culture Trip > North America > Usa > Hawaii. Copyrighted 2024 The Culture Trip Ltd.
Available @ https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/hawaii/articles/huakai-po-the-legend-of-the-hawaiian-night-marchers
McIntosh, Andrea; and Kimo Jenkins. 13 October 2015. “Huaka’i-Pō – The Night Marchers.” Island Partners Hawai’i > Blog.
Available @ https://www.islandpartnershawaii.com/detail/4422
Moon Mausoleum. 24 June 2020. “Huakai Pō - The Night Marchers of Hawaii.” Moon Mausoleum. Copyrighted 2022.
Available @ https://moonmausoleum.com/the-night-marchers-of-hawaii/#google_vignette
OluKai. 13 July 2016. “Legends of Hawaii’s Night Marchers.” OluKai > Blogs > News. Copyrighted 2024 OluKai.
Available @ https://olukai.com/blogs/news/legends-hawaiis-night-marchers?
Revealed Travel Guides. “The Legend of Hawaii’s Night Marchers.” Revealed Travel Guides. Copyrighted 2024 Wizard Publications, Inc.
Available @ https://www.revealedtravelguides.com/blog/hawaiis-night-marchers/
Smithsonian Magazine. 16 November 2011. “Six Sacred Sites of Hawaii.” Smithsonian Magazine > Smart News > Travel. Copyrighted 2024 Smithsonian Magazine.
Available @ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/six-sacred-sites-of-hawaii-272451/
Sweeney, Scott. 26 March 2023. “The World of Hawaii Night Marchers: Folklore and Mysteries.” Virtual Hawaii 360 > The World of Hawaii Night Marchers: Folklore and Mysteries.
Available @ https://virtualhawaii360.com/the-world-of-hawaii-night-marchers-folklore-and-mysteries/
US Ghost Adventures. “The Night Marchers of Hawaii.” US Ghost Adventures > Blog > Most Recent Blog Posts. Copyrighted 2024 US Ghost Adventures.
Available @ https://usghostadventures.com/most-recent-blog-posts/the-night-marchers-of-hawaii/
To-Hawaii. “The Legend of the Night Marchers.” To-Hawaii > Hawaii Travel Guide > Mythology > Hawaiian Mythology > Hawaiian Myths and Legends. Copyrighted 2006-2024 To-Hawaii.com.
Available @ https://www.to-hawaii.com/legends/night-marchers.php#:~:text=Night%20Marchers%20are%20ghostly%20apparitions%20of
Young, Peter T. 9 April 2017. “Ka Huaka’i o ka Pō.” Images of Old Hawai’i > Hawaiian Traditions. Copyrighted 2017 Ho’okuleana LLC.
Available @ https://imagesofoldhawaii.com/ka-huaka
Comments
DerdriuMarrinerOct 8, 2024
Huakai po are scary for humans -- apart those who are their collateral and direct descendants -- who make eye contact. Even then the Hawaiian way dominates in directing humans to lie face-down on the ground if humans do not have strength or time to run.
Isn't it interesting that the huakai po have the same job descriptions ;-D -- protect divine and human rulers and sacred sites -- as they had in life?
DerdriuMarrinerOct 8, 2024
Bodyguards, escorts and warriors in life immersed themselves in their preparation and their responsibilities in life service to Hawaiian-island gods, kings and priests. So perhaps it's no surprise that those same responsibilities to divine and human rulers and to sacred sites impel them in the afterlife, spiritual world.
A book about Haitian zombies: wow! Will you be wizzleying -- hope, hope ;-D -- them for us all?
HollieTOct 8, 2024
This is a great piece, I have never heard of Hawaiian Huakai Po, what a great introduction to Hawaiian mythology and tradition. Thoroughly enjoyable read and fascinating!
TolovajOct 6, 2024
HollieTOct 6, 2024
I had never heard of Hawaiian night marchers, what a fabulous introduction to Hawaiian mythology. Thank you so much for this; I think any questions in relation to the Hawaiian Huakei Po marchers is covered here. A very comprehensive and enjoyable read
DerdriuMarrinerOct 4, 2024
The play Macbeth has as its setting Scotland even as A midsummer night's dream has fairy marchers and marches. So William Shakespeare (Apr 23[?], 1564-Apr 23, 1616) knew something about both subjects separately.
Might the English-language Bard have merged them into fairy marchers and marches as Scottish-traditioned?
frankbeswickOct 4, 2024
DerdriuMarrinerOct 3, 2024
Me too, I find those rituals interesting even as umbilical cords flourish with so many nutrients. Might they find favor among invertebrate decomposers that volcanic-hardened subsoil perhaps furnishes?
Might such decomposers munch all liquid, all solid parts within 24 hours?
Perhaps, perhaps not!
DerdriuMarrinerOct 3, 2024
Your introducing fairy marches interests me even as October is a month of the fairy-ringed mushrooms here!
What else might be known -- beyond Shakespearean plots and Mendelssohn music ;-D -- about European-marching fairies?
VeronicaOct 3, 2024
I am particularly interested in the umbilical chord rituals.
A fascinating piece of folk culture from thousands of miles away
DerdriuMarrinerOct 3, 2024
The visual phenomena appears to be alternating rows of men and women, in battle dress but with chiefs, family-god symbols and priests -- and sometimes with such gods as Kane the ancestral god, Ku the war god, Kanaloa the underworld and the voyager god, the agriculture and Lono the peace god -- a few inches above ground and water surfaces.
The huakai po Nightmarchers associate with ancient burial, habitation and temple sites that also assume assurance into the afterlife, spiritual world.
English-language attributions of huakai-po Nightmarching as among Hawaiian-island cultural beliefs go back to the Cook arrival Sunday, Jan. 18, 1778. No one nevertheless links any huakai po Nightmarchers to the cartography-izing, exploring naval officer (Nov. 7, 1728-Feb. 14, 1779) perishing there a little under 13 months later.
frankbeswickOct 3, 2024