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Article

Iron Age Coins of British Tribes

The Iron Age coins of Britain exists as pre-roman coins, but only for a small number of tribes.

Late Iron Age coins appeared in some, but certainly not all, of the British tribes. Before the Roman occupation of Britain, the people lived in tribes. In the late Iron Age some of these tribes used coins. The coin used in pre-Roman Britain seems to have been concentrated in the southeastern part of the area. According to the article, Britain’s First Coins by Chris Rudd, published in The Journal of Ancient Numismatics, Volume 1, Issue 4, there were eleven tribes that had coins. They were the Atrebates, Ecuni, Cauti, Ragni, Belgae, Durotriges, Trinovantes, Dobunni, Corioltouvi, Catuvellouni, and East Wiltshire.

The Coins in Hoards

The late Iron Age coins are rarely found one at a time.  They are often found in hoards.  Apparently few used them.  Perhaps they belonged to kings, or maybe rich merchants.  They could have been used in trade, especially with the people of the continent.  In fact, some seem to have originated on the continent with the Belgic people.  And, there is a strong likelihood that some of the Belgic migrated across the English Channel, and set up settlements in Britain.  Perhaps this is how the idea of coinage come to Britain.

 

Two sources indicate many of the coins had no monetary use at all.  Because of where they were buried they are thought to have been votive offerings to the gods of Britain. 

Iron Age Coins

Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain (New Studies in Archaeology)
British Iron Age Coins in the British Museum

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Coins Minted in Britain

While some of the coins may have arrived by the Belgic, or others involved with trade with Gaul, some of the coins were minted right in Britain.  What evidence is there of this?  There are gold and silver coins with the images of tribal kings, and their inscriptions.   

The Use of Effigies of Kings

The use of effigies of kings was a new concept.  I learned from a friend, a historian who collects ancient coins, that Julius Caesar was the first to use his own image on Roman coins.   Before Julius Caesar the Roman coins showed a Roman god.  The departure caused a problem, the people were riled for they thought the gods would no longer favor Rome.  How did Julius Caesar solve his dilemma?  He proclaimed himself a god, as did his followers who ruled Rome.

 

Coins and History

Coins can give us a look at the rulers, and possibly sequence them in a line in history, albeit for but a brief time period.  Also, coins can record, albeit in a slanted manner, significant historical events.  Coins can act as miniature history books, each type giving a snippet of the entire story.  Yes, they will favor the ruler of the area for which they were minted, but they are a great starting point to understand events of the past.

 

Unfortunately, coins were not used throughout ancient Britain, at least as far as we know.  Tribal coins were unknown until a few centuries ago.  Have we found all kinds of tribal coins? 

History of Iron Age in Britain

Dress and Identity in Iron Age Britain: A study of glass beads and other objects of personal ador...
Iron Age Communities in Britain: An account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Centu...
Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans
The Iron Age in Northern Britain: Britons and Romans, Natives and Settlers
Towns in the North: The Brochs of Scotland (Revealing History (Paperback))

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Terminology

Late Iron Age coins are often called Celtic coins, but there is a discussion over what the term means.  That discussion is not within the scope of this article.

English Flag Mug

English Flag MugEnglish Flag Mug

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Conclusion

There is much more to the history of the tribes of the late Iron Age in Britain, but my interest is in the coins.   

 

This article contains links to affiliate programs and Adsense advertising.  These must use cookies to allow for proper crediting. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.

 

The introduction image is allowed by an associate program.

Updated August 7, 2018

Comments

blackspanielgalleryDec 18, 2025

The first coins probably came from trade with Saxons across the channel. I suspect, since there is no adequate gold source in Britain, they erased the gods and replaced them with their own. The argument for votive offerings is they were often found with weapons buried outide religious places, I believe at the entrances.

DerdriuMarrinerAug 2, 2025

The first subheading, The coins in hoards, ends with a second paragraph that advises us that "Two sources indicate many of the coins had no monetary use at all. Because of where they were buried they are thought to have been votive offerings to the gods of Britain."

Is there any indication as to whether coins as offerings or coins for trade inspired the first monies?

frankbeswickSep 30, 2018

Sometimes we older folk can feel disappointed that younger generations, maybe our children, do not share our interests. For example, only one of my four children shares my passion for growing things. We just have to inspire and enthuse them in the hope that an interest may slowly arise.

blackspanielgallerySep 30, 2018

Young people collecting has been a topic at my local coin club. Perhaps one reason is they use plastic cards and rarely get change to sort through. Getting coins from circulation is how many collectors get interested.

frankbeswickSep 29, 2018

Young people have many pressures.Maybe in maturity they will take an interest.

TolovajSep 29, 2018

Coins are amazing part of the history and, in my opinion, a very attractive one. Yet, young people rarely bother to even look at them, not to mention the possibility of collecting. Doesn't that attitude say a lot about today's society?

frankbeswickAug 18, 2018

The area of East Wiltshire was near the borders of certain tribes, these being the Atrebates, Dobunni and Trinovantes, but we don't know the precise boundary lines, so it is likely that there may have been confusion about which tribe produced the coins.

blackspanielgalleryAug 18, 2018

I am not expert in English history, but I do research coins. That is beyond my area of expertise. One problem is the borders seem to have been nebulus, and if you look back before coins came to the area maps may have different names,. Considering when these tribes were in existence, it is amazing anything is j=known. Coins reveal some things, but according to what I read the coins were unknown until about 400 years ago, so what else still remains a mystery?, Frank might know the answer to your question.

DerdriuMarrinerAug 18, 2018

blackspanielgallery, Thank you for the informative article and product line and for the reference to the Rudd article (which I've now read). Is there any speculation as to why the name of the East Wiltshire people is unknown?

frankbeswickAug 8, 2018

Some were tribes, others kingdoms containing several small tribes, such as the Brigantes of North East England.

blackspanielgalleryAug 8, 2018

Thanks.

sandyspiderAug 8, 2018

Found the coins of the British tribes very interesting.

blackspanielgalleryAug 8, 2018

One thing I believe from what I have been seeing is the boundaries were less than clear, and one source says quite clearly the tribes were not tribes n the traditional sense. However, leaders have been identified. I tried to look in the past for the coinage information, and tribal names seem to change over time, some combining, and so on. But this is from memory, and I may be completely wrong here. My impression is they were nebulus in borders, and interacted well at times. It is difficult here to find British tribal information.

frankbeswickAug 7, 2018

Trade links were extensive, but you are right, Welsh gold would have had to pass through middlemen to reach Southern England. But so would gold from other sources.

Wales as a country did not exist in the first century B.C., but it seems to be the case that the tribes who inhabited what is now Wales did not produce coins.Though as you said in your article, the Dobuni, who dwelt in Gloucestershire, not far from Wales, produced coins. It would be interesting to see what was the source of the gold that they used.

Welsh gold,obtained by panning and to a lesser extent mining, is still used for royal wedding rings.

blackspanielgalleryAug 7, 2018

I suspect if the gold had come from Wales, it would have had to travel through other tribal lands, and we would probably see Welch coins.

frankbeswickAug 7, 2018

True, the arrival of the Belgae was not a tribal movement, but merely immigration of certain tribal members.

The source that said that the gold for the coins was imported was correct. It would be necessary for the gold to be imported, for the South of England has no gold mines. Some gold might have been mined in Wales. This could easily be ascertained with a spectroscopic analysis of the coins.

VeronicaAug 7, 2018

yes the children will love them. I am always looking for ways to develop the workshops . Thank you

blackspanielgalleryAug 7, 2018

Veronica, if you need more for your classes the article referenced is online. Also, the British Museum has images. There is also an online list of hoards found, but I did not use it because they also include Roman coin hoards. Wikipedia has a map of the tribes. Hope this helps.

blackspanielgalleryAug 7, 2018

The Belgic who migrated were not all of the Belgic, so there remained many in Gaul. I cannot believe they lost all contact with each other. In fact, one source claims the gold used for coinage was brought in.
One source suggests some of the people were mercenaries, so they returned with Greek coins.
One source seems to believe they used coins for trade, and possible purchases, but archaeological evidence is that few were unearthed other than in hoards, So, barter must have remained. Perhaps gold and silver were too valuable. I believe the tribes were in contact with each other, so tribe to tribe barter is likely, not spreading coins far inland.
While sources say southeast, I might use southern.
Apparently most coinage came to Britain is the last century B. C. and went to Roman coinage with the conquest.

frankbeswickAug 7, 2018

I suspect that ordinary folk continued to use barter, but coins were for the higher orders.

Even before the Roman invasions the southern British were being drawn to Rome, and their elites were increasingly attracted by the Roman way of doing things, and so would have met Roman coinage. They would have wanted to produce their own for status reasons.

VeronicaAug 7, 2018

Outstanding as ever. This has been so much use to me today. I run workshops in schools for children and we do Iron Age and also Roman. You have given me new information about Caesar and Iron Age coins possibly not having a monetary value. Invaluable information for me and I thank you wholeheartedly.

I have 7 iron age workshops next month and will be using this information in this post.

frankbeswickAug 7, 2018

A good article.Some points. The Belgic migration is more than a possibility, it happened, but it occurred because certain British ruler wanted Belgic farmers to improve British agriculture, so the Belgae came as immigrants.

You are right about the South-East being where coins are found. Northern Britain had a barter economy,so no coins.But you might not be aware that parts of Northern Scotland had a non-coin economy among the ordinary folk until the eighteenth century.
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