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Article

There Are Only Seven Stories in The World

Ever find yourself watching a film or reading a book and experiencing a sense of deja vu? That may be because there are really only seven different plots.

Okay, I'm just going to write it loud and proud: there is no such thing as originality in storytelling. Just as there are only eight musical notes from which every symphony, opera and pop song has been created; there are only seven types of story from which every single piece of literature, theater and film you've ever seen has spawned from. Yes, seven. Just seven types of story. At least, as far as Christopher Brooker (see his book below), is concerned. So, the next time you're reading a novel and wondering why it feels like you've read it before, it's because you probably have - it just took a slightly different form. So, what are these seven story types?
The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories

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Story Type #1 Overcoming The Monster

The first of the seven story types is pretty much exactly what you'd assume from its name.

It is the triumph (usually of an underdog), over a monster. The monster can be an actual monster, as in the case of David and Goliath, or the monster may take a more human form, such as 'Buffalo Bill' in The Silence of The Lambs.

In either case, in an 'overcoming the monster' story arc, the hero or heroine will almost always end up in direct combat with the monster and, of course, emerge victorious. Think every Bond movie.

Examples of 'overcoming the monster' stories:

  • Dracula
  • The Witches
  • Jaws
  • Little Red Riding Hood
  • Theseus and The Minotaur
  • The War of The Worlds
  • Jurassic Park
  • Alien
  • Hansel and Gretel
  • The Day of The Triffids
  • Star Wars
  • The Silence of the Lambs

    As part of the search for a serial murderer nicknames "Buffalo Bill," FBI trainee Clarice Starling is given an assignment. She must visit a man confined to a high-security facil...

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Story Type #2 Rags to Riches

'Rags to riches' is another fairly self-explanatory story archetype. The arc of the plot follows a hero or heroine from poverty to wealth. In some case, this transformation is literal, as is the case in Cinderella. However, in other instances the 'wealth' a protagonist achieves may be of a slightly different nature, such as self-discovery or enlightenment, like in Willy Russell's Educating Rita.

In either instance, the protagonist, who is always a put-upon, unfairly treated 'good guy', is plucked from obscurity and given what they deserve, before losing it (temporarily), so they can truly appreciate it.

And, of course, they may have to defeat a villain or two along the way.

Examples of 'rags to riches' stories:

  • Great Expectations
  • The Prince and The Pauper
  • Rocky
  • Pygmalion
  • Slumdog Millionaire
  • Aladdin
  • The Blind Side
  • Harry Potter Series
  • Oliver Twist
  • Charlie and The Chocolate Factory
  • Great Expectations

    Charles Dickens' Great Expectations, first published in 1860, chronicles the life of the orphan Pip. This edition includes an active table of contents.

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Story Type #3 The Quest

'The quest' is a very common story type among Hollywood movies, as it gives our hero or heroine something that they must get or achieve.

He or she learns that there is some 'grand prize' (which may be literal treasure or a more figurative use of the term), and will go in search of it. The prize, which Alfred Hitchcock dubbed 'the MacGuffin', is the thing that everybody wants.

As it happens though, what form the treasure or prize takes is not as important as what our protagonists will learn along the way.

Sometimes, like in The Lord of The Rings, our hero is charged with an important duty. And often, the hero or heroine in a 'quest' story must also defeat others searching for the MacGuffin or evil forces that guard it.

Examples of 'the quest' stories:

  • The Pirates of The Caribbean
  • Treasure Island
  • Raiders of The Lost Ark (and all the other Indiana Jones films)
  • The Odyssey
  • The Da Vinci Code
  • The Thomas Crown Affair
  • Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines
  • The Dark Tower
  • Shrek
  • Pirates of the Caribbean: Curse of the Black Pearl

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Story Type #4 Voyage and Return

The 'voyage and return' story type is very similar to 'the quest' stories above. However, the heroes and heroines in 'voyage and return' stories don't usually set off with a goal in mind - they may pick up a quest along the way, though.

In addition, 'voyage and return' stories often take place in a world very different from the one our protagonist comes from, for example Gulliver's Travels.

Examples of 'voyage and return' stories:

  • Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
  • The Time Machine
  • Honey, I Shrunk The Kids
  • The Wizard of Oz
  • Back to The Future (all three installments)
  • Castaway
  • The Lion The Witch and The Wardrobe
  • The Never Ending Story
  • Robinson Crusoe

 

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Story Type #5 Comedy

This story type is not quite so easy to define thanks to our modern perception of a comedy. 'Comedy' in terms of a story archetype, doesn't necessarily mean a tale that is funny - although, it might be. 

Here, we're talking about Aristotle's definition of comedy, which he deemed to be showing people as worse than they are (the opposite of tragedy, which shows people as better than they are).

In terms of classic 'comedy' plots, the characters are thrust into a state of confusion, this may be because they're somewhere strange and unusual, but, often, it involves disguise and deception, which fuel the bewilderment.

Sometimes, however (and certainly in more modern examples of 'comedy' stories), it's just down to plain old misunderstanding. 

Of course, in the end, everything is straightened out and, usually, it's a happy revelation for our protagonists.

Examples of 'comedy' stories:

  • As You Like It
  • When Harry Met Sally
  • A Midsummer Night's Dream
  • Lysistrata
  • Pride and Prejudice
  • Twelfth Night or What You Will
  • Some Like it Hot
  • Victor/Victoria
  • Emma
  • You've Got Mail
  • The Comedy of Errors
  • The Importance of Being Earnest
  • Much Ado About Nothing
  • Mulan

 

  • Some Like It Hot (Collector's Edition)

    When Chicago musicians Joe (Tony Curtis) and Jerry (Jack Lemmon) accidentally witness a gangland shooting, they quickly board a southbound train to Florida, disguised as Josephi...

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Story Type #6 Tragedy

When 'tragedy' is referred to in terms of story types, we're talking about Greek tragedy. In other words, the fall of a once great man (or woman), who possesses a character flaw that makes his (or her), doom inevitable.

The most common forms of tragedy are found in the works of Shakespeare, but they are also used frequently by modern dramatists, like Arthur Miller. 

A 'tragic' protagonist doesn't necessarily die at the end of the story arc, but it's become common for tragic heroes to be killed, or to commit suicide, when their fall from grace is complete.

Examples of 'tragedy' stories:

  • Hamlet
  • The Death of a Salesman
  • The Kite Runner
  • King Lear
  • Wuthering Heights
  • Oedipus Rex
  • Macbeth
  • Of Mice and Men
  • Tess of The d'Urbervilles
  • Romeo and Juliet
  • The Boy in The Striped Pyjamas
  • Madame Bovary
  • Antigone
  • Anna Karenina

If you'd like to learn more about tragedies, check out...

  • What Makes a Tragic Hero Tragic?

    All tragedies need a tragic hero or heroine, but what makes a character tragic? Who are the most famous tragic heroes and what do they have in common?

Story Type #7 Rebirth

The final of our seven story types is 'rebirth', which doesn't usually mean a literal reincarnation. A 'rebirth' story is one that offers a character redemption.

He or she is, typically, saved by 'good' forces, such as the spirits who open Ebenezer Scrooge's eyes in A Christmas Carol.

This is, understandably, a popular story type, as it provides a feel-good ending: someone, who has been grizzled by life, suddenly has a new perspective and is altered, either figuratively or literally, for the better.

Examples of 'rebirth' stories:

  • The Catcher in The Rye
  • Toy Story
  • To Kill a Mocking Bird
  • The Secret Garden
  • Beauty and The Beast
  • It's a Wonderful Life
  • Bedazzled
  • Freaky Friday
  • Goodnight Mister Tom

 

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The Writers Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers, 3rd Edition

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Is That All There Is?

Essentially, yes. Every movie, novel, play or short story that has ever existed, or will ever exist, will fit into one of the seven basic story plots. In fact, some would say the number of plots is even smaller, a 'quest' and 'voyage and return', for instance, are so similar that perhaps they could be morphed into one.

In any case, the problem is, as with any categorization, no matter how many pigeon holes you have, there are some stories that refuse to fit neatly into just one.

For example, I was considering adding Bedknobs and Broomsticks to the 'overcoming the monster' story type, because Miss. Price, Mr. Brown and the kids successfully ward off the invading Nazi's. However, they also go on a 'quest' to find the Star of Astoroth. And, of course, Eglantine Price undergoes something of a 'rebirth' in as far as her staunch desire to live a solitary life is concerned. 

So, categorizing plots into seven basic archetypes isn't always simple. But then, placing any kind of  fiction in one category has never been easy. Many of Shakespeare's plays, for instance, don't quite belong in their three genres: tragedy, comedy and history.

Nevertheless, all of your favorite stories come from the same seven basic plots. So, at least as far as writing fiction goes, there really is nothing new under the sun.

Updated May 23, 2014

What's Your Favorite Book, Play or Film and Which of The Seven Stories Does it Conform to?

CiceroJun 21, 2016

Not sure if I can identify a favorite story. But there is a recent show that enjoyed quite a bit that is notable for how it played with the seven basic plots. It's called "Madoka Magica" and it took the first five plots, and then twisted them into tragedies. So "Overcoming the Monster" instead had the monster kill and eat the heroine. "Rags to Riches" resulted in destroying the heroine's family. "Comedy" resulted in the heroine being rejected by her lover interest, and then becoming a villain (the clearest tragedy). "Quest" resulted in the heroine slowly losing all her friends as she became trapped in an endless recursion of time where each attempt to set things right resulted in steadily worsening results. "Voyage and Return" resulted in an endless recursion of time in which the heroine never remembered anything that she learned, trapping her, and slowly reducing her in stature.

Then the final episode results in a massive breakthrough that restores hope, and brings everything back to a happy ending. Essentially transforming all the previous stories into a rebirth story.

WiseFoolOct 13, 2015

Hello, Allyson. Thanks very much, and yes, of course, you can reference some of the examples.

AllysonOct 13, 2015

a great article! I've been researching the 7 original plot lines for a blog I write for educators. May I reference some of your examples?

WiseFoolDec 19, 2013

Hi, Rose. Yeah, I would agree about Jane Austen's work. You may be able to find other 'story types', too. For instance, does Elizabeth have a 'rebirth' in P&P? But predominantly, they're comedies, for sure.

RoseDec 18, 2013

I suppose all of Jane Austen's novels fall under "comedy" because she was so into satirising society.

cmoneyspinnerSep 28, 2013

Whoa! For a minute there I was sitting in my high school English class listening to my teacher, Mrs. Rivera. :)

WiseFoolMar 8, 2013

Hello Brenda, thanks very much for your comment. I know what you mean, when I'd finished my degree, I was keen to read anything other than the sorts of things I'd had to read while studying. Classics are always good to get back into, though.

BrendaReevesMar 8, 2013

I've heard varying numbers on this. I got my BA in creative writing. I had intentions of writing novels, but by the time I finished my degree I was tired of reading novels. It's been a long time since I've been able to get into fiction. I can barely get past the first page. My brother says it's because I've read everything. I suppose that's true. I've been thinking about reading the classics over again. In the meantime, I read and write nonfiction. Great article.

WiseFoolFeb 25, 2013

Hello, Elias. I haven't seen the first two series, but I did catch The Killing III and I couldn't agree more; it was brilliant and made me kick myself that I hadn't watched the others. If that's the one you're referring to, I'd concur with tragedy. Sarah seems to have this inability to accept happiness, and her actions in those final scenes (although entirely understandable) were also self-sabotaging. And, true to the tragic mould, I think we always knew that things weren't going to end in a rosy fashion for her.

EliasZanettiFeb 25, 2013

Having watched quite recently The Killing on its original Danish version I would surely say that it fits the 6th category, that of the tragedy that is... Recommended though, its one of the best series I watched lately...

Great post!!

WiseFoolFeb 24, 2013

: ) It was close enough to know exactly who you meant. That's an extremely good point, if they're too woolly and mailable, then they lose some of their purpose. But, of course, too rigid and we come back to archetypes, which obviously Booker would be all for.

I think, in the same way writers can use (or ignore) the three or five act structures, the seven basic plots can be useful in understanding the shape of stories that we tend to tell and what makes them 'work' or not. Whether authors or playwrights want to follow them or not is another matter entirely.

MiraFeb 24, 2013

Ha! How did I write Ionesco as Enesco? Only God knows. I always do that, and it bothers me, but there's not much I can do about it, except edit what I write. I was thinking famous Romanians today. Saw a show about some of them today and was thinking of writing an article about it.
Thank you for your response. I agree, rebirth fits the bill. But then again, if the concept is too elastic, it's not very useful. There is always an element of change regarding the characters in a story. All of that could be considered rebirth, and sometimes that would be a stretch.
Still, those 7 plots are a great idea, I think.

WiseFoolFeb 24, 2013

WordChazer, thanks for stopping by and taking the time to comment. You know what, much to my shame, I've never seen 2001: A Space Odyssey. I'm beginning to think a lot of stories can be classed in several of the categories, especially if you look at them from various characters' POVs.

GuestFeb 24, 2013

Favorite book and film is 2001: A Space Odyssey. I suppose that could be classed as Overcoming the Monster, the Quest, Voyage and Return and Rebirth. There are also tragedic elements along the way as well. Science fiction is a complicated genre...

WiseFoolFeb 24, 2013

Hi Mira, thanks. I agree, the Theatre of The Absurd doesn't seem to quite fit. I don't know Ionesco's 'Rhinoceros' that well, but from my limited understanding, I'd say it's part 'overcoming the monster', because Berenger refuses to join the Nazis, and perhaps part 'rebirth', because over the course of the play he gains a new appreciation for what's important in life and people. Those are just suggestions, though.

P.S. I misspelled rhinoceros and the spell checker's suggestion was 'raunchiness' (I swear, it wasn't that badly misspelled). For what it's worth, I don't know Ionesco's raunchiness that well, either!

Hi Catana. Obsessive, for sure; that cannot be disputed. Entirely respect your opinion, but I do think there is some undeniable truth in the theory, even if it's just in reference to 'familiar stories', as you mentioned earlier. Really enjoyed debating this, it's been interesting.

MiraFeb 24, 2013

Hi Sam, I like your page (and I was curious about the book, too; I was familiar with its premise, but not much besides) and agree that most writing has at least some elements of one or more of those types. But I'm not sure where something like the theatre of the absurd will fit it. Think Enesco's Rhinoceros. It's a very powerful statement, and one that's not that absurd after all: people all around a certain guy turn into rhinoceros, until he's the only human left. He's a hero or anti-hero, depending on how you look at it. I think the discussion should be extended to archetypes. That would be a much larger discussion.

WiseFoolFeb 24, 2013

Hello again, Catana. Regarding the books/plays/films I've chosen, I suppose that's a fair point. Not sure Booker would agree, though. Apparently, it took him 34 years to write 'The Seven Basic Plots' and it covers a reading list much broader than I could ever hope to get through: a reviewer in The Observer newspaper referred to the many examples as 'the history of literature'.

As for heroes and tragic figures, you're quite right, but I don't think a protagonist who isn't a hero (tragic or otherwise) means the story doesn't fit into any of the above. Scrooge isn't a 'hero', for example. Most main characters, even if they're ambiguous, are likable in some way and could, therefore, still be referred to as the hero of the piece.

Now, ambiguous endings you've got me wondering about...I'm thinking along the lines of Beckett's 'Waiting for Godot', but I think Booker would put that under comedy - it's not a 'happy ending' in the comedic tradition, but there's the confusion and misunderstanding; those things are just never resolved. I'm not sure I'd be able to find a home (in the seven) for Sartre's 'No Exit'...but I feel sure Booker would, maybe it's tragedy.

WiseFoolFeb 24, 2013

Hello, 2uesday. Thanks for the comment. I think you're right, often you'll watch a film and notice that the plot has very strong similarities with another movie (or a book or play or whatever) Lion King, for example, is essentially Hamlet. I think your creative writing teacher is right about it being a liberating thing. It ain't what you tell, it's the way that you tell it!

Hi, Catana. Well, I certainly think you've got a point about the 'familiar' being popular; that love for, or comfort in, what we know is definitely part of the human condition. And, of course, we're obsessed with trying to put things into neat little boxes. I don't agree that most writers lack imagination or simply pander to the masses, though. I'm not sure I totally subscribe to Booker's categorizations, but I do think there are only so many stories to tell. Are you thinking of a specific story that you feel doesn't fit into the 'seven basic plots'?
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